Brian Earp

Last updated
Dr

Brian David Earp
Born1985
OccupationPhilosopher, Cognitive Scientist, Bioethicist
Education Yale University, University of Oxford, University of Cambridge [1]
Notable worksLove Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships
Notable awards2020 commendation, by the John Maddox Prize judges [2] [3]
Website
www.brianearp.com

Brian David Earp is an American bioethicist, philosopher, and interdisciplinary researcher. He is probably best known for his writings on bodily autonomy and integrity, the involuntary non-therapeutic (medically unnecessary) genital cutting of children and drug use in the United States. [4] [5] He is Director of the Oxford-National University of Singapore (NUS) Centre for Neuroethics and Society and the EARP Lab (Experimental Bioethics, Artificial Intelligence, and Relational Moral Psychology) within the Centre for Biomedical Ethics at the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine. [1] Earp is an Associate Professor of Philosophy and of Psychology at NUS by courtesy. [1] He is Associate Director of the Yale-Hastings Program in Ethics and Health Policy at Yale University and The Hastings Center. [1] He is a Research Fellow at the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics. He is an elected member of the UK Young Academy under the auspices of the British Academy and the Royal Society. [1]

Contents

Earp has written on a wide range of topics, including free will, [6] sex and gender [7] and the replication crisis in psychology [8] He has also worked on relational moral psychology, human enhancement, philosophy of love and children’s rights. [1] Brian helped to establish "experimental philosophical bioethics" (bioXphi) as an area of research. [1] He currently writes the quarterly "Philosophy in the Real World" column for The Philosopher . In 2019, Earp wrote his first book (co-written with Julian Savulescu), published in the UK as Love Is the Drug: The Chemical Future of Our Relationships [9] and in the United States as Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships). [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

He's one of the authors of both statements made by the Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity. [15] [16]

Personal life

Earp grew up in a conservative evangelical Christian household. His mother was a stay-at-home mother; his father was a X-ray technician. [13]

Work and views

Relationships and drugs

He is best known for writing Love Is the Drug: The Chemical Future of Our Relationships with Julian Savulescu. [13] [17] [18] He has argued that certain forms of medications can be ethically consumed as a "helpful complement" in relationships. Both to fall in love, and, to fall out of it. [13] [14]

Bodily autonomy and integrity, and children's rights

With other child genital cutting experts, Earp has argued that all forms of involuntary non-therapeutic (medically unnecessary) genital cutting or surgery — including penile circumcision, intersex interventions, and female genital mutilation — are violations of bioethical principles. [4] [5] [19] [20] [16] : 1 : 42  For this work, Earp was nominated for the 2020 John Maddox Prize, and received commendation from the judges, for “taking a multi-disciplined, science-based approach to a deep-rooted cultural practice”. [2] [3]

A near ethical consensus in the Global North forbids clinicians to perform involuntary non-therapeutic genital cutting of endosex (non-intersex) female minors (except involuntary clitoral reduction surgeries on children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia), even pricking or nicking of the clitoral hood. [5] [21] [16] : 1 : 24  For instance, these two are less severe than a endosex male circumcison: the partial or total removal of the penile prepuce of half of the motile skin system of the penis (approximately 30–50 cm2 in the adult organ). [5] [21] [15] : 20  [16] : 49 

Some advocates of the permissibility of medicalized newborn penile circumcision who recognize the physical and symbolic overlaps between this custom and what they see as “minor” female genital cutting (e.g., ritual cutting of the labia or clitoral hood) increasingly argue that the latter should be permitted in Western societies even for nonconsenting girls (i.e., for the sake of parity) overlaps between this custom and what they see as “minor” female genital cutting (e.g., ritual cutting of the labia or clitoral hood) increasingly argue that the latter should be permitted in Western societies even for nonconsenting girls (i.e., for the sake of parity) (Arora and Jacobs 2016; Cohen-Almagor 2020; Porat 2021; Shweder 2022b; for analysis, see Van Howe 2011). Nonvoluntary intersex surgeries have also in some cases been justified by appeals to the presumed acceptability of nonvoluntary penile circumcision (Fox and Thomson 2005; Meoded Danon 2018; see also Earp, Abdulcadir, and Shahvisi 2024). [16] : 24 

With other child genital cutting experts, he asks that clinicians stop involuntary clitoral reduction surgeries on children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), as well as the non-therapeutic genital cutting of endosex male minors and intersex children. [16] : 24 : 42 

He's one of the authors of both statements made by the Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity. [15] [16]

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitoris</span> Erectile female sexual organ

In amniotes, the clitoris is a female sex organ. In humans, it is the vulva's most erogenous area and generally the primary anatomical source of female sexual pleasure. The clitoris is a complex structure, and its size and sensitivity can vary. The visible portion, the glans, of the clitoris is typically roughly the size and shape of a pea and is estimated to have at least 8,000 nerve endings.

Clitoridectomy or clitorectomy is the surgical removal, reduction, or partial removal of the clitoris. It is rarely used as a therapeutic medical procedure, such as when cancer has developed in or spread to the clitoris. Commonly, non-medical removal of the clitoris is performed during female genital mutilation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Female genital mutilation</span> Ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva for non-medical reasons. FGM prevalence varies worldwide, but is majorly present in some countries of Africa, Asia and Middle East, and within their diasporas. As of 2024, UNICEF estimates that worldwide 230 million girls and women had been subjected to one or more types of FGM.

Genital modifications are forms of body modifications applied to the human sexual organs. When there's cutting involved, genital cutting or surgery can be used. The term genital enhancement seem to be generally used for genital modifications that modify the external aspect, the way the patient wants it. The term genital mutilation is used for genital modifications that drastically diminish the recipient's quality of life and result in adverse health outcomes, whether physical or mental.

Infibulation is the ritual removal of the vulva and its suturing, a practice found mainly in northeastern Africa, particularly in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. The World Health Organization refers to the procedure as Type III female genital mutilation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitoral hood</span> Part of the vulva that covers and protects the glans of the clitoris

In female humans and other mammals, the clitoral hood is a fold of skin that surrounds and protects the glans of the clitoris; it also covers the external clitoral shaft, develops as part of the labia minora and is homologous with the foreskin in the male reproductive system. The clitoral hood is composed of mucocutaneous tissues; these tissues are between the mucous membrane and the skin, and they may have immunological importance because they may be a point of entry of mucosal vaccines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Genital piercing</span> Form of body piercing on a part of the genitalia

Genital piercing is a form of body piercing that involves piercing a part of the genitalia, thus creating a suitable place for wearing different types of jewellery. Nevertheless, the term may also be used pars pro toto to indicate all body piercings in the area of the anus, perineum, penis, scrotum, and vulva, including piercings such as anal, guiche, and pubic that do not involve perforation of genitalia. Genital piercings can be done regardless of sex, with various forms of piercings available. The main motive is beautification and individualization; in addition, some piercings enhance sexual pleasure by increasing stimulation. Pre-modern genital piercings is most culturally widespread in Southeast Asia, where it has been part of traditional practice since ancient times. Records of genital piercing are found in the Kama Sutra.

Children's rights or the rights of children are a subset of human rights with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to minors. The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) defines a child as "any human being below the age of eighteen years, unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier." Children's rights includes their right to association with both parents, human identity as well as the basic needs for physical protection, food, universal state-paid education, health care, and criminal laws appropriate for the age and development of the child, equal protection of the child's civil rights, and freedom from discrimination on the basis of the child's race, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, religion, disability, color, ethnicity, or other characteristics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Intersex medical interventions</span> Performed to modify atypical or ambiguous genitalia

Intersex medical interventions (IMI), sometimes known as intersex genital mutilations (IGM), are surgical, hormonal and other medical interventions performed to modify atypical or ambiguous genitalia and other sex characteristics, primarily for the purposes of making a person's appearance more typical and to reduce the likelihood of future problems. The history of intersex surgery has been characterized by controversy due to reports that surgery can compromise sexual function and sensation, and create lifelong health issues. The medical interventions can be for a variety of reasons, due to the enormous variety of the disorders of sex development. Some disorders, such as salt-wasting disorder, can be life-threatening if left untreated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of intersex surgery</span>

The history of intersex surgery is intertwined with the development of the specialities of pediatric surgery, pediatric urology, and pediatric endocrinology, with our increasingly refined understanding of sexual differentiation, with the development of political advocacy groups united by a human qualified analysis, and in the last decade by doubts as to efficacy, and controversy over when and even whether some procedures should be performed.

Male circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin (prepuce) from the human penis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitoromegaly</span> Unusually large clitoris

Clitoromegaly is an abnormal enlargement of the clitoris that is mostly congenital; it is otherwise acquired through deliberately induced clitoral enlargement e.g. body modification by use of anabolic steroids, including testosterone. It can happen as part of a gender transition. It is clinically distinguishable from normal enlargement of the clitoris seen during sexual arousal.

J. Steven Svoboda is an American lawyer and attorney. He is a human rights lawyer and a child rights attorney. He is also child genital cutting expert and a circumcision legal expert. In 1997, Svoboda founded the California-based organization, Attorneys for the Rights of the Child (ARC), a federally and state-certified non-profit corporation. It aims to educate the world that genital cutting of a child, regardless of a child’s gender, is unnecessary and harmful. This includes male circumcision. As of 2012, ARC had persuaded 18 US states to stop providing male circumcision as part of Medicaid. He is also its director. As an attorney, Svoboda is involved in educating, writing, and working with the United Nations (UN) on behalf of genital integrity issues. He is one of the authors of the two large international child genital cutting experts Brussels Collaboration on Bodily Integrity statements, both published in The American Journal of Bioethics. His day job is patent lawyer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julian Savulescu</span> Australian philosopher and bioethicist

Julian Savulescu is an Australian philosopher and bioethicist. He is Chen Su Lan Centennial Professor in Medical Ethics and Director of the Centre for Biomedical Ethics at the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore. He is also the Uehiro Chair in Practical Ethics at the University of Oxford, and was previously the Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford, Director of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, and co-director of the Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities. He is a visiting professorial fellow in Biomedical Ethics at the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Australia, and distinguished visiting professor in Law at Melbourne University since 2017. He directs the Biomedical Ethics Research Group and is a member of the Centre for Ethics of Pediatric Genomics in Australia. He is a former editor and current board member of the Journal of Medical Ethics, which is ranked as the No.2 journal in bioethics worldwide by Google Scholar Metrics, as of 2022. In addition to his background in applied ethics and philosophy, he also has a background in medicine and neuroscience and completed his MBBS (Hons) and BMedSc at Monash University, graduating top of his class with 18 of 19 final year prizes in Medicine. He edits the Oxford University Press book series, the Uehiro Series in Practical Ethics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circumcision</span> Removal of the human foreskin

Circumcision is a procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis. In the most common form of the operation, the foreskin is extended with forceps, then a circumcision device may be placed, after which the foreskin is excised. Topical or locally injected anesthesia is generally used to reduce pain and physiologic stress. Circumcision is generally electively performed, most commonly done as a form of preventive healthcare, as a religious obligation, or as a cultural practice. It is also an option for cases of phimosis, other pathologies that do not resolve with other treatments, and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). The procedure is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.

Human sexuality covers a broad range of topics, including the physiological, psychological, social, cultural, political, philosophical, ethical, moral, theological, legal and spiritual or religious aspects of sex and human sexual behavior.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clitoral hood reduction</span> Cosmetic surgical procedure

Clitoral hood reduction, also termed clitoral hoodectomy, clitoral unhooding, clitoridotomy, or (partial) hoodectomy, is a plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size and the area of the clitoral hood in order to further expose the glans of the clitoris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Religious views on female genital mutilation</span> Female genital mutilation

There is a widespread view among practitioners of female genital mutilation (FGM) that it is a religious requirement, although prevalence rates often vary according to geography and ethnic group. There is an ongoing debate about the extent to which the practice's continuation is influenced by custom, social pressure, lack of health-care information, and the position of women in society. The procedures confer no health benefits and can lead to serious health problems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Female genital mutilation in the United States</span> Occurrence and regulation of FGM in the US

Female genital mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision or female genital cutting, includes any procedure involving the removal or injury of part or all of the vulva for non-medical reasons. While the practice is most common in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, FGM is also widespread in immigrant communities and metropolitan areas in the United States, and was performed by doctors regularly until the 1980s.

The Phall-O-meter is a satirical measure that critiques medical standards for normal male and female phalluses. The tool was developed by Kiira Triea based on a concept by Suzanne Kessler and is used to demonstrate concerns with the medical treatment of intersex bodies.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 National University of Singapore (NUS) Centre for Biomedical Ethics (CBmE). "Brian D. Earp" . Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  2. 1 2 CAPRISA (14 December 2020). "Anthony Fauci and Salim Abdool Karim jointly awarded John Maddox Prize 2020 for standing up for science during the coronavirus pandemic" . Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  3. 1 2 Sense about Science. "Maddox Prize 2020" . Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  4. 1 2 Earp, Brian D.; Steinfeld, Rebecca (May 15, 2017). "How different are female, male and intersex genital cutting?". The Conversation . Archived from the original on 2017-05-16. Retrieved October 29, 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Earp, Brian (October 2015). "Female genital mutilation and male circumcision: toward an autonomy-based ethical framework". Medicolegal and Bioethics. 5: 89. doi: 10.2147/mb.s63709 . ISSN   2230-2468.
  6. ↑ Earp, Brian D.; Everett, Jim Albert Charlton; Crone, Damien; Nadelhoffer, Thomas; Caruso, Gregg D.; Shariff, Azim; Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter. "Determined to be Humble? Exploring the Relationship Between Belief in Free Will and Humility". PsyArXiv . doi:10.31234/osf.io/3bxra.
  7. ↑ Earp, Brian D. (2020). "What is gender for?". The Philosopher. 108 (2): 94–99 – via ResearchGate.
  8. ↑ Earp, Brian D.; Trafimow, David (2015). "Replication, falsification, and the crisis of confidence in social psychology". Frontiers in Psychology. 6: 621. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00621 . ISSN   1664-1078. PMC   4436798 . PMID   26042061.
  9. ↑ "Manchester University Press - Love is the Drug". Manchester University Press. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  10. ↑ Earp, Brian David; Savulescu, Julian (2020). Love Drugs: The Chemical Future of Relationships. Redwood Press. ISBN   9780804798198 . Retrieved 2020-12-07.
  11. ↑ Greenberg, Jon (April 18, 2016). "HIV In Africa: 6 Million Circumcisions And Counting". Politifact . Archived from the original on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  12. ↑ Zublin, Fiona (2020-01-05). "Love in the Roaring '20s". OZY. Archived from the original on 2020-01-06. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Shane, Cari (2019-12-12). "Can We Replace Couples Therapy With Real-Life Love Potions?". OZY. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2020-10-25.
  14. 1 2 Szalavitz, Maia (2014-05-19). "Is It Possible to Create an Anti-Love Drug?". The Cut. Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
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  19. ↑ Hacker, Daphna (2017). Legalized Families in the Era of Bordered Globalization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 270–271. ISBN   978-1316508213.
  20. ↑ Shweder, Richard A. (2016). "Equality Now in Genital Reshaping: Brian Earp's Search for Moral Consistency". Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal. 26 (2): 145–154. doi:10.1353/ken.2016.0016. ISSN   1086-3249. PMID   27477192. S2CID   44291019.
  21. 1 2 Earp, Brian D. (2021). "Male or female genital cutting: why 'health benefits' are morally irrelevant". Journal of Medical Ethics. doi:10.1136/medethics-2020-106782. PMID   33462078.
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