Broad church

Last updated

Broad church is latitudinarian churchmanship in the Church of England in particular and Anglicanism in general, meaning that the church permits a broad range of opinion on various issues of Anglican doctrine. In the American Episcopal Church, the term "broad church" historically denoted latitudinarian churchmanship and connoted theological liberalism and modernism, particularly in the years between 1874 and 1934. In modern Episcopal usage, the term largely overlaps with central churchmanship.

Contents

Church of England

After the terms high church and low church came to distinguish the tendency toward ritualism and Anglo-Catholicism on the one hand and evangelicalism on the other, those Anglicans tolerant of multiple forms of conformity to ecclesiastical authority came to be referred to as "broad". The expression apparently originated with A. H. Clough and was current in the later part of the 19th century for Anglicans who objected to positive definitions in theology and sought to interpret Anglican formularies in a broad and liberal sense. [1] Characteristic members of this group were the contributors to Essays and Reviews, 1860, and A. P. Stanley. [2] As the name implies, parishes associated with this variety of churchmanship will mix high and low forms, reflective of the often eclectic liturgical and doctrinal preferences of clergy and laity. The emphasis is on allowing individual parishioners' choice.

Broad church as an expression is now increasingly replaced by references in the Church of England to liberalism. For example, Rowan Williams, the former archbishop of Canterbury, in his "text of reflection" The Challenge and Hope of Being an Anglican Today, released in 2006, [3] described the three "components in our heritage" as "strict evangelical Protestantism", "Roman Catholicism" and "religious liberalism", accepting that "each of these has a place in the church's life". These would broadly correspond to the low church, high church and broad church parties in the Church of England. It has been suggested that "broad" tended to be used to describe those of middle of the road liturgical preferences who leaned theologically towards liberal Protestantism; whilst "central" described those who were theologically conservative, but took the middle way in terms of liturgical practices. Broad churchmen might best be described as those who are generally liberal in theology, often culturally conservative, but also supportive of a broad—that is, comprehensive—Anglican Church including Evangelical Anglicans, "middle of the road" or "vanilla Anglicans" or "central churchmen", liberal or "progressive" Anglicans, moderate high churchmen, and Anglo-Catholic Anglicans (though not fundamentalist on the one extreme nor papalists on the other). It is not possible to draw sharp lines between some of these traditions.

Episcopal Church (United States)

According to Bishop Thomas J. Brown, the term "broad church" is not commonly used today, but "was common throughout much of the 20th century." [4]

Historical connotations of liberalism

Phillips Brooks.jpg
Rev. C.L. Slattery LCCN2014709569.jpg
Heber Newton writer.png
William Reed Huntington.jpg
Broad Church preachers attracted large, affluent congregations in urban areas.
Clockwise from top left: Phillips Brooks, rector of Trinity Church in Boston; Charles Lewis Slattery, rector of Grace Church in New York; William Reed Huntington, rector of Grace Church; R. Heber Newton, rector of All Souls Church in New York

In the American Episcopal Church (TEC), the term "broad church" traditionally represented a desire to accommodate a range of conservative and liberal theological views under one Episcopal umbrella, as opposed to disputes over ritualism, where the terms "low church"/"evangelical" and "high church" ordinarily applied.

On paper and perhaps in practice, Broad Church institutions like the Church Congress in the United States (founded in 1874) and the Episcopal Theological School (founded in 1867) sought to accommodate "all parties and positions." [5] William Reed Huntington, for example, was described as "Broad in the sense of inclusive, not in the sense of Liberal." [6] Church historian Robert W. Prichard says that the Church Congress' emphasis on denominational unity helped TEC "avoid[] the divisions over biblical scholarship that marked some other American denominations," and largely credits the Congress for the fact that TEC never endured "wholesale inquisitions of seminaries or college faculties." [7]

However, the practical significance of the Broad Church movement was that it gave theological liberalism a foothold in TEC at a time when the low church and high church factions were both dominated by conservatives. Although ostensibly anti-factional, the Church Congress' leaders were "all progressive liberals in a basically conservative church." [8] Until the 1870s, TEC's conservative leadership had generally taken a neutral stance towards hot-button issues like abolitionism. [9] Following the Civil War, the Broad Church organized to actively support liberal causes. [5] According to TEC, the movement sought to be "more tolerant and liberal than the views of the existing low church and high church parties," and emphasized "reason as a mediator of religious truth, as opposed to the exclusive reliance on scripture and tradition in the other parties." [10]

The Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts was a stronghold of the Broad Church and theological progressivism. It was formerly affiliated with the nearby Harvard Divinity School. 1879DrakeEpiscopal.jpg
The Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts was a stronghold of the Broad Church and theological progressivism. It was formerly affiliated with the nearby Harvard Divinity School.

The Broad Church movement provided a space for liberal and progressive theologians who might have been frozen out of more conservative factions. [13] [14] Episcopal Theological School was "the first Episcopal theological seminary to welcome modern biblical scholarship," [14] and the Broad Church movement "for nearly three decades held a practical monopoly of modernistic views in the American [Episcopal] Church." [13] Figures like R. Heber Newton (who was accused of heresy several times [15] [16] ), his brother William Wilberforce Newton, and Church Congress chairman Charles Lewis Slattery were commonly identified with the Broad Church, although their views might be described as conventionally liberal years after the fact. Heber Newton is now remembered by TEC as a "leading liberal preacher"; [17] William Newton "called for the church ... to appropriate the truths of evolution and science"; [18] and Slattery chaired the commission that revised the Book of Common Prayer to be more gender-inclusive and to de-emphasize the doctrine of original sin. [19] [20] [12]

Once TEC accepted its progressives, the Broad Church's emphasis on tolerance became somewhat anachronistic. The revised Book of Common Prayer was published in 1928, [20] and the Church Congress held its last convention in 1934. [21] Many of the Congress' leaders migrated to the newly established Liberal Evangelical Congress, which first convened in 1933. [21] (The term "evangelical" is a historical artifact. In the 1860s and 1870s, most conservative evangelicals left TEC, often for the Reformed Episcopal Church; as a result, by the mid-1870s, within TEC, the term "evangelical" was largely synonymous with "low-church liberal." [22] [23] For example, the TEC dictionary describes Broad Church preacher Phillips Brooks, a theological liberal, as a "broad church evangelical," [24] and stresses that TEC's "liberal evangelical" tendency "accept[ed] a critical stance toward the biblical text." [25] )

Contemporary usage

Although the term is no longer in general use, certain modern-day Episcopal churches use "broad church" to describe an attitude towards ritual that is between the low church and the high church, somewhat akin to central churchmanship in the Church of England. [26] [27] [28] A broad church parish might favor Holy Eucharist Rite II in the Book of Common Prayer (1979), which uses more contemporary language than Rite I, whereas a high church parish might favor Rite I and a low church parish might alternate between Holy Eucharist Rite II and the even more informal Morning Prayer. [29]

Today, institutions historically associated with the Broad Church (in the Church Congress sense) may now style themselves as low church. Examples include Trinity Church in Boston, which was considered low church under the leadership of Anne Bonnymann (r. 2006-11) but still "continu[ed] to be a Broad Church parish"; [30] and Groton School, where Morning Prayer is still celebrated. [31] [32] [33]

In politics

By way of an analogy, the term has also been used with regard to political parties, particularly the British Labour Party. [34] It can denote both a wide range of ideological views within a single organisation, as well as describe a party that seeks to attract a wide voter base with differing points of view. [35] [36] "Big tent" is a similar term in American politics, also with religious origins. [37]

See also

Related Research Articles

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. It is one of the largest branches of Christianity, with around 110 million adherents worldwide as of 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglo-Catholicism</span> Anglicanism that emphasises its Catholic heritage

Anglo-Catholicism comprises beliefs and practices that emphasize the Catholic heritage and identity of the Church of England and various churches within the Anglican Communion. Anglo-Catholics are primarily concerned with restoring the liturgical and devotional expression of the Christian faith in the life of the Anglican Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Diocese of Sydney</span> Diocese in the Anglican Church of Australia

The Diocese of Sydney is a diocese in Sydney, within the Province of New South Wales of the Anglican Church of Australia. The majority of the diocese is evangelical and low church in tradition.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mainline Protestant</span> Older, more establishment Protestant denominations

The mainline Protestant churches are a group of Protestant denominations in the United States and Canada largely of the theologically liberal or theologically progressive persuasion that contrast in history and practice with the largely theologically conservative Evangelical, Fundamentalist, Charismatic, Confessional, Confessing Movement, historically Black church, and Global South Protestant denominations and congregations. Some make a distinction between "mainline" and "oldline", with the former referring only to denominational ties and the latter referring to church lineage, prestige and influence. However, this distinction has largely been lost to history and the terms are now nearly synonymous.

The term high church refers to beliefs and practices of Christian ecclesiology, liturgy, and theology that emphasize "ritual, priestly authority, [and] sacraments". Although used in connection with various Christian traditions, the term originated in and has been principally associated with the Anglican tradition, where it describes churches using a number of ritual practices associated in the popular mind with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. The opposite tradition is low church. Contemporary media discussing Anglican churches often prefer the terms evangelical to low church and Anglo-Catholic to high church, even though their meanings do not exactly correspond. Other contemporary denominations that contain high church wings include some Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Methodist churches.

In Anglican Christianity, low church refers to those who give little emphasis to ritual. The term is most often used in a liturgical sense, denoting a Protestant emphasis, whereas "high church" denotes an emphasis on ritual, often Anglo-Catholic.

The Episcopal Divinity School (EDS) is an unaccredited theological school in New York City. Established to train people for ordination in the American Episcopal Church, the seminary eventually began training students from other denominations. The school currently does not enroll any seminarians, and states that it is currently "exploring multiple models for theological education."

Churchmanship is a way of talking about and labelling different tendencies, parties, or schools of thought within the Church of England and the sister churches of the Anglican Communion. The term has been used in Lutheranism in a similar fashion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reformed Episcopal Church</span> Anglican church of Episcopalian heritage

The Reformed Episcopal Church (REC) is an Anglican Church. It was founded in 1873 in New York City by George David Cummins, a former bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evangelical Catholic</span> Variant of Lutheran

The term Evangelical Catholic is used in Lutheranism, alongside the terms Augsburg Catholic or Augustana Catholic, with those calling themselves Evangelical Catholic Lutherans or Lutherans of Evangelical Catholic churchmanship stressing the catholicity of historic Lutheranism in liturgy, beliefs, practices, and doctrines. Evangelical Catholics teach that Lutheranism at its core "is deeply and fundamentally catholic". The majority of Evangelical Catholic Lutheran clergy and parishes are members of mainstream Lutheran denominations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathedral Church of the Advent (Birmingham, Alabama)</span> Historic church in Alabama, United States

The Cathedral Church of the Advent in Birmingham, Alabama, is the see church of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama. On March 30, 1983, the structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Episcopal Church of the Advent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High church Lutheranism</span> Movement in Lutheranism

High church Lutheranism is a movement that began in 20th-century Europe and emphasizes worship practices and doctrines that are similar to those found within Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Anglo-Catholicism. In the more general usage of the term, it describes the general high church characteristics of Lutheranism in Nordic and Baltic countries such as Sweden, Finland, Estonia and Latvia. The mentioned countries, once a part of the Swedish Empire, have more markedly preserved Catholic traditions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eucharist in Anglicanism</span>

Anglican eucharistic theology is diverse in thought and practice. Its sources include prayer book rubrics, writings on sacramental theology by Anglican divines, and the regulations and orientations of ecclesiastical provinces. The principal source material is the Book of Common Prayer, specifically its eucharistic prayers and Article XXVIII of the Thirty-Nine Articles. Article XXVIII comprises the foundational Anglican doctrinal statement about the Eucharist, although its interpretation varies among churches of the Anglican Communion and in different traditions of churchmanship such as Anglo-Catholicism and Evangelical Anglicanism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglican Diocese of Melbourne</span> Diocese of the Anglican Church of Australia in Victoria

The Anglican Diocese of Melbourne is the metropolitan diocese of the Province of Victoria in the Anglican Church of Australia. The diocese was founded from the Diocese of Australia by letters patent of 25 June 1847 and includes the cities of Melbourne and Geelong and also some more rural areas. The cathedral church is St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne. The current Archbishop of Melbourne since 2006 is Philip Freier, who was translated from the Anglican Diocese of The Northern Territory, and who was the Anglican Primate of Australia from 2014 to 2020.

An open evangelical attempts to uphold evangelical doctrines, morality, and spirituality, while also being inclusive of others. It is a term which is commonly used in the United Kingdom in reference to both individuals and institutions.

Conservative evangelicalism is a term used in the United Kingdom to describe a theological movement found within evangelical Protestantism. Sometimes, the term is simply synonymous with evangelical within the United Kingdom. The term is used more often in the first sense, but conservative evangelicals themselves tend to use it in the second. Conservative evangelicals are sometimes called fundamentalists, but typically reject that label and are keen to maintain their distinct identity, which is more Reformed. Reformed fundamentalism shares many of the characteristics of conservative evangelicalism. In this sense, conservative evangelicalism can be thought of as distinct from liberal evangelicalism, open evangelicalism, and charismatic evangelicalism. Some conservative evangelical groups oppose women ministers or women preachers in mixed congregations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Episcopal Church (United States)</span> Anglican denomination in the United States

The Episcopal Church (TEC), based in the United States with additional dioceses elsewhere, is a member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. It is a mainline Protestant denomination and is divided into nine provinces. The presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, the first African American bishop to serve in that position.

Central churchmanship describes those who adhere to a middle way in the Anglican Communion of the Christian religion and other Anglican church bodies, being neither markedly high church/Anglo-Catholic nor low church/evangelical Anglican in their doctrinal views and liturgical preferences. The term is used much less frequently than some others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Lewis Slattery</span> 20th-century American Episcopal bishop

Charles Lewis Slattery was the Episcopal Bishop of Massachusetts, a prominent theological writer in the early 20th century, and a leader of the Broad Church movement within the American Episcopal Church. He headed the commission that eventually published the 1928 Book of Common Prayer (BCP), which governed worship in Episcopal churches until 1979. Although he rejected the label of "liberal," his amendments to the Anglican liturgy steered the Episcopal Church away from the doctrines of original sin and total depravity, and towards gender equality. He also served as the president of the board of trustees of Wellesley College and helped establish Brooks School.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evangelical Anglicanism</span> Tradition within Anglicanism

Evangelical Anglicanism or evangelical Episcopalianism is a tradition or church party within Anglicanism that shares affinity with broader evangelicalism. Evangelical Anglicans share with other evangelicals the attributes of "conversionism, activism, biblicism and crucicentrism" identified by historian David Bebbington as central to evangelical identity. The emergence of evangelical churchmanship can be traced back to the First Great Awakening in America and the Evangelical Revival in Britain in the 18th century. In the 20th century, prominent figures have included John Stott and J. I. Packer.

References

  1. ↑ Cross, F. L. (1957); p. 199
  2. ↑ Cross, F. L. (1957); p. 199
  3. ↑ Williams, Rowan (27 June 2006). "The Challenge and Hope of Being an Anglican Today: A Reflection for the Bishops, Clergy and Faithful of the Anglican Communion". Dr. Rowan Williams, 104th Archbishop of Canterbury. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  4. ↑ Brown, Thomas J. "Reflection: On being a broad church". Episcopal Diocese of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  5. 1 2 Spielmann, p. 51.
  6. ↑ Pagán, Jonathan Warren (2014-06-23). "The Broad Churchmanship of William Reed Huntington". Anglican Compass. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  7. ↑ Prichard, Robert W. (1999). History of the Episcopal Church - Revised Edition. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 186. ISBN   978-0-8192-2896-3.
  8. ↑ Spielmann, p. 61.
  9. ↑ Spielmann, Richard M. (1989). "A Neglected Source: The Episcopal Church Congress, 1874-1934". Anglican and Episcopal History. 58 (1): 50. ISSN   0896-8039 – via JSTOR.
  10. ↑ "Broad Church Movement". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  11. ↑ C.K.S. (October 1962). "Henry Bradford Washburn" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society: 255.
  12. 1 2 "Charles Lewis Slattery". St. Andrew's Episcopal Church, Ayer. 2024-02-23. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-02-23.
  13. 1 2 DeMille, George E. (2005-02-10). The Catholic Movement in the American Episcopal Church. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 172. ISBN   978-1-55635-152-5.
  14. 1 2 "Episcopal Theological School (ETS) - An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
  15. ↑ "CHARGED WITH HERESY; A PRESENTMENT AGAINST THE REV. R. HEBER NEWTON". The New York Times. 1883-04-26. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  16. ↑ "MR. NEWTON'S ORTHODOXY.; AN ANSWER TO THE CHARGES AGAINST HIM TO BE ASKED FOR". The New York Times. 1884-01-09. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  17. ↑ "Newton, Richard Heber". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  18. ↑ "Newton, William Wilberforce". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  19. ↑ "BISHOP SLATTERY DIES SUDDENLY". The New York Times . 1930-03-13.
  20. 1 2 "The New American Prayer Book, by E. Clowes Chorley (1929)". anglicanhistory.org. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
  21. 1 2 Spielmann, pp. 78-80.
  22. ↑ Harp, Gillis J. (2005). "The Strange Death of Evangelical Episcopalianism". Anglican and Episcopal History. 74 (2): 180, 184. ISSN   0896-8039.
  23. ↑ Guelzo, Allen C. (1993). "Ritual, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Disappearance of the Evangelical Episcopalians, 1853-1873". Anglican and Episcopal History. 62 (4): 573. ISSN   0896-8039.
  24. ↑ "Brooks, Phillips". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  25. ↑ "Liberal Evangelicalism". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  26. ↑ "How We Worship". St. John's Episcopal Church, Marion, NC. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  27. ↑ Terry, Bill (2014-01-24). "Part II. Ok, so what are we Anglo-Catholic or what?". Saint Anna's Episcopal Church New Orleans. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  28. ↑ "Worship". St. Paul's Rock Creek. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  29. ↑ "Anglican Terminology". Orangeburg's Church of The Redeemer. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  30. ↑ "Trinity Church". wfrjr.com. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  31. ↑ Williams, Peter W. (2016-02-24). Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression. UNC Press Books. p. 165. ISBN   978-1-4696-2698-7.
  32. ↑ Dobbins, Gage S., ed. (2000). St. John's Chapel: 1900-2000. Groton School. p. 20.
  33. ↑ "Parents Weekend". Groton School. Retrieved 2024-06-06.
  34. ↑ Matthew Worley (2009). The Foundations of the British Labour Party: Identities, Cultures and Perspectives, 1900-39. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-7546-6731-5.; ; Gerry Hassan (2004). The Scottish Labour Party. Edinburgh University Press. p. 25. ISBN   978-0-7486-1784-5.; Paul Corthorn; Jonathan Davis (24 October 2007). British Labour Party and the Wider World: Domestic Politics, Internationalism and Foreign Policy. I.B.Tauris. p. 191. ISBN   978-0-85771-111-3.
  35. ↑ "broad church". dictionary.cambridge.org. Cambridge English Dictionary. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  36. ↑ Dick Richardson; Chris Rootes (16 January 2006). The Green Challenge: The Development of Green Parties in Europe. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN   978-1-134-84403-6.
  37. ↑ Terras, Melissa; Nyhan, Julianne; Vanhoutte, Edward (2016). Defining Digital Humanities: A Reader. Routledge. p. 253. ISBN   9781317153573.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.