Bultfonteinite

Bultfonteinite
Bultfonteinite from Shijiangshan mine, China
General
Category	Nesosilicates
Formula (repeating unit)	Ca2SiO2(OH,F)4
IMA symbol	Bul [1]
Strunz classification	9.AG.80 [2]
Dana classification	52.4.7.2 [2]
Crystal system	Triclinic
Crystal class	Pinacoidal (1) (same H-M symbol)
Space group	P1
Unit cell	a = 10.99 Å, b = 8.18 Å c = 5.67 Å, α = 93.95° β = 91.32°, γ = 89.85°; [2] Z = 4
Identification
Color	Colorless, pink, light brown
Twinning	Interpenetrating on {100} and {010}; polysynthetic
Cleavage	Good on {100} and {010}
Fracture	Conchoidal
Mohs scale hardness	4.5
Luster	Vitreous
Streak	White [2]
Diaphaneity	Transparent
Optical properties	Biaxial (+)
Refractive index	nα = 1.587 nβ = 1.590 nγ = 1.597 [2]
Birefringence	δ = 0.010 [2]
2V angle	70° (measured)
Dispersion	r > v; barely perceptible
Solubility	Soluble in hydrochloric acid [3]
References	[4]

Bultfonteinite, originally dutoitspanite, is a pink, light-brown or colorless mineral with chemical formula Ca₂SiO₂(OH,F)₄. It was discovered in 1903 or 1904 in the Bultfontein mine in South Africa, for which the mineral is named, and described in 1932.

Description

Acicular crystals from the Wessels Mine in South Africa

Bultfonteinite is transparent and ranges from pale pink or light brown to colorless. ^[5] The mineral occurs as radiating prismatic acicular crystals and radial spherules up to 2 cm (0.8 in). ^[4]

Structure

The crystal structure of bultfonteinite consists of strips of [Ca₄Si₂O₄]⁸⁺, that run along the 5.67 Å c-axis, held together by Ca–O–Ca, Ca–F–Ca, Ca–H₂O–Ca, and Ca–O–Si bonds. Silicon atoms occur in isolated tetrahedra and the calcium atoms have seven-fold coordination, derived from a triangular prism with a seventh atom present on one of the square faces. ^[6]

History

In either 1903 or 1904, a miner discovered the first specimen of bultfonteinite on the 480-foot level of the Bultfontein mine in Kimberley, South Africa. The mineral occurred in a several-hundred-foot-tall horse of kimberlite-enclosed dolerite and shale fragments. The specimen, mistakenly thought to be natrolite, was given to Alpheus F. Williams. Several years later, additional samples were found by C. E. Adams in the nearby Dutoitspan mine and given to the MacGregor Museum in Kimberley. ^[7] Shortly before 1932, the mineral was found about 100 miles (160 km) to the southeast of Kimberley at the Jagersfontein Mine in Orange River Colony. ^{[7] [8]}

After John Parry and F. E. Wright described the mineral afwillite in 1925, Williams recognized that his samples of bultfonteinite were not natrolite, but were likely a new mineral species. Chemical analysis by John Parry and crystallographic and optical determination by Wright proved it to be a new mineral. ^[9] The mineral was described by Parry, Williams, and Wright in 1932 and named bultfonteinite. ^[7] Their original description does not explicitly state the origin of the name, but it is presumably named after the mine in which it was discovered. ^[3] Earlier that year in his book The Genesis of the Diamond, Williams had called the mineral dutoitspanite, a name which was "apparently discarded". ^{[8] [10]} When the International Mineralogical Association was founded, bultfonteinite was grandfathered as a valid mineral species. ^[2]

The type material is held in England at Cambridge University and the Natural History Museum in London. ^[4]

Occurrence

Bultfonteinite has been found in Australia, Botswana, Canada, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Russia, South Africa, and the United States. ^[2] The mineral was first located outside South Africa in the US state of California in 1955. ^[8] Bultfonteinite has been found in association with afwillite, apophyllite, calcite, natrolite, oyelite, scawtite, and xonotlite. ^[4]

At the type locality, the mineral occurred in a large structure of dolerite and shale fragments in a kimberlite pipe. ^[7] In Crestmore, California, bultfonteinite formed in the contact zone of thermally metamorphosed limestone. ^[4]

References

1. Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi: 10.1180/mgm.2021.43 . S2CID   235729616.
2. "Bultfonteinite". Mindat. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
3. Foshag, W. F. (January 1933). "New Mineral Names: Bulfonteinite" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 18 (1). Mineralogical Society of America: 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
4. "Bultfonteinite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineral Data Publishing. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
5. Cairncross, Bruce (2022). Minerals & Gemstones of Southern Africa. Penguin Random House South Africa. p. 175. ISBN   978-1-77584-754-0.
6. McIver 1963, p. 551.
7. Parry, Williams & Wright 1932, p. 145.
8. Murdoch 1955, p. 900.
9. Parry, Williams & Wright 1932, p. 146.
10. Mountain 1957, p. 610.

Bibliography

• McIver, E. J. (1963). "The structure of bultfonteinite, Ca₄Si₂O₁₀F₂H₆" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica . 16 (6): 551–558. Bibcode:1963AcCry..16..551M. doi: 10.1107/S0365110X63001456 .
• Mountain, E. D. (December 1957). "Rhodesite, a new mineral from the Bultfontein mine, Kimberley" (PDF). Mineralogical Magazine . 31 (239): 607–610. Bibcode:1957MinM...31..607M. doi:10.1180/minmag.1957.31.239.01. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2017.
• Murdoch, Joseph (September–October 1955). "Bultfonteinite from Crestmore, California" (PDF). American Mineralogist . 40 (9 & 10). Mineralogical Society of America: 900–904.
• Parry, John; Williams, Alpiieus F.; Wright, F. E. (September 1932). "On bultfonteinite, a new fluorine-bearing hydrouscalcium silicate from South Africa" (PDF). Mineralogical Magazine . 23 (138): 145–162. Bibcode:1932MinM...23..145P. doi:10.1180/minmag.1932.023.138.01. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2017.

External links

• Media related to Bultfonteinite at Wikimedia Commons