Buqa | |
---|---|
Sahib-i divan of Ilkhanate | |
In office 1284 - 1289 | |
Appointed by | Arghun |
Monarch | Arghun |
Preceded by | Shams al-Din Juvayni |
Succeeded by | Sa'ad al-Dawla |
Personal details | |
Died | January 16,1289 |
Buqa (or Bugha) (died January 16,1289) was a Mongol lord and chancellor who was instrumental in sweeping Arghun to power as the fourth Il-Khan of Iran in 1284 and became his chief minister (vizier) and advisor,succeeding Shams ad-Din Juvayni whom Arghun had executed in October 1284. Buqa too was executed on Arghun's order in January 1289.
Buqa was an orphan from the Jalayir tribe. His father was Ugulay Qurchi who accompanied Hulagu Khan as his scout. [1] He was given to Abaqa's court alongside his brother Aruq as an orphan kid and became his follower. [2]
He served Abaqa as his trusted counselor,keeper of treasury,keeper of pelts and keeper of seal;meanwhile befriending his son Arghun. After Abaqa's death in 1282,he supported Arghun for the throne in opposition to Tekuder,however,still served him as keeper of seal after his election and became his trusted commander. During Arghun's insurrection against Tekuder in 1284,ilkhan entrusted him to collect Prince Gaykhatu as hostage from Arghun. Arghun agreed to terms and sent his brother accompanied by two amirs,including Nawruz to custody of Buqa,then most senior of Tekuder's commanders on 13 [3] or 28 June. [4] Buqa in turn handed over him to Ahmad who put Gaykhatu in Tödai Khatun's encampment. Despite this,Tekuder continued hostilities and kept advancing on Arghun. This made Buqa to harbor resentment towards Tekuder and grow more sympathetic to Arghun. On the other hand,he lost Tekuder's favor who started to invest his trust in Aq Buqa,another Jalair general and his cousin.
Starting to plan his coup,he broke into Arghun's captor and Tekuder's son-in-law Alinaq's camp and set Arghun free,while killing Alinaq. Tekuder fled west and looted Buqa's encampment near Sultaniya in revenge. He continued on to his own pasturelands near Takht-i Suleyman on 17 July planning to escape to Golden Horde via Derbent. However,Qaraunas sent by Buqa soon caught up with him and arrested Tekuder. He was turned over to Arghun on 26 July on Ab-i Shur pasturelands,near Maragha. [4]
After deposition of Tekuder,Arghun became the new il-khan while Buqa succeeded Shams ad-Din Juvayni as new sahib-i divan (grand vizier) and actual ruler of the empire. He was the first person to hold both amir al-umara and sahib-i divan titles,managing both military and civil matters. [2] Aided by his elder brother Aruq,Buqa embarked on a reform that revolutionized the monetary and fiscal structure of the empire. [5] The Great Khan Kublai Khan rewarded Buqa the title of chingsang (Chinese :丞相;lit.'Chancellor') for his loyalty to the Ilkhan Arghun in 1286. [6] To strengthen his position,he appointed his brother Aruq as governor of Baghdad (while Jumghur's son Prince Jushkab was practically his puppet) and his follower Imad ud-Din Alavi as governor-general of Fars. [6] Another one of his associates,Tegüne Yarguchi was stationed in Anatolia with Prince Hulachu. [2] Under his orders,Arghun's infant son Ghazan was as viceroy of Khorasan with Nawruz as his military governor.
His and Aruq's arrogance and excesses soon raised him many enemies. Aruq practically ruled Baghdad as his own appanage,not paying taxes to central government,murdering his critics. Sayyid Imad ud-Din Alavi's murder on 30 December 1284 angered Buqa to the point summoning Abish Khatun herself to his court. It was Jalal ad-Din Arqan,one of her attendants first to reveal the details of murder,after which he was sawed in half. She was ordered to pay blood money worth 700.000 dinars to Sayyed's sons as the result of court. Other emirs,including Tuladai,Taghachar and Toghan started to conspire with Arghun to depose overpowered Buqa. His first step was to investigate former non-paid Salghurid taxes. As a result,he gained over 1.5 million dinars from Fars province. [2] His next step came in 1287,when Buqa fell ill. He investigated Aruq in same fashion and started to control Baghdad's income as well,replacing him with Ordo Qiya. Another replacement came when Buqa's ally Amir Ali was removed from governorate of Tabriz.
Perceiving that he had lost the khan’s favour,Buqa organized a conspiracy in Prince Jushkab and Arghun’s vassal king Demetre II of Georgia (whose daughter Rusudan was married to Buqa’s son) were implicated. Buqa promised Jushkab the throne on condition of appointment as naib of the empire upon success. However Jushkab sent news to Arghun about the treachery. Arghun in his turn sent his new emir Qoncuqbal to arrest Buqa. It's unknown how Rusudan escaped the purge by Arghun but Demetre II was summoned to capital and imprisoned as well. Buqa was put to death on January 16,1289. He was succeeded as vizier by a Jewish physician Sa’d al-Daula of Abhar. [7] [8]
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. It was ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids,and known to the Mongols as HülegüUlus. The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the Land of Iran or simply Iran. It was established after Hülegü,the son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan,inherited the West Asian and Central Asian part of the Mongol Empire after his brother Möngke Khan died in 1259.
Ahmed Tekuder,also known as Sultan Ahmad,was the sultan of the Ilkhanate from 1282 to 1284. He was a son of Hulegu and brother of Abaqa. He was eventually succeeded by his nephew Arghun Khan.
Arghun Khan was the fourth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate division,from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of Abaqa Khan,and like his father,was a devout Buddhist. He was known for sending several emissaries to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Muslim Mamluks in the Holy Land. It was also Arghun who requested a new bride from his great-uncle Kublai Khan. The mission to escort the young Kököchin across Asia to Arghun was reportedly entrusted to Marco Polo. Arghun died before Kököchin arrived,so she Arghun's son Ghazan married her instead.
Mahmud Ghazan was the seventh ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ilkhanate division in modern-day Iran from 1295 to 1304. He was the son of Arghun,grandson of Abaqa Khan and great-grandson of Hulegu Khan,continuing a long line of rulers who were direct descendants of Genghis Khan. Considered the most prominent of the il khans,he is perhaps best known for converting to Islam and meeting Imam Ibn Taymiyya in 1295 when he took the throne,marking a turning point for the dominant religion of the Mongols in West Asia:Iran,Iraq,Anatolia,and the South Caucasus.
Gaykhatu was the fifth Ilkhanate ruler in Iran. He reigned from 1291 to 1295. His Buddhist baghshi gave him the Tibetan name Rinchindorj which appeared on his paper money.
Baydu was the sixth ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate division in Iran. He was the son of Taraqai,who was in turn the fifth son of Hulagu Khan. He succeeded his cousin Gaykhatu as khan of the Ilkhanate in 1295.
Shaikh Hasan,also known as "Hasan Buzurg",Hassan the Jalair or Hassan-e Uljatâï was the first of several de facto independent Jalayirid rulers of Iraq and central Iran.
Taghachar,also spelled Tajir,Ta'achar was a commander in the army of the Mongol Empire. He was one of the conspirators involved in the overthrow of three Ilkhanate khans,and placed the short-lived Baydu on the throne in 1295.
Nawrūz was a son of governor Arghun Aqa and a powerful 13th-century Oirat emir who played an important role in the politics of the Mongol Ilkhanate.
Kutlushah,Kutlusha or Qutlughshah,was a general under the Mongol Ilkhanate ruler Ghazan at the end the 13th century. He was particularly active in the Christian country of Georgia and especially during the Mongol invasion of Syria,until his ignominious defeat in 1303 led to his banishment. He was killed during the conquest of Gilan in 1307.
Shams al-Din Juvayni was a Persian statesman and member of the Juvayni family. He was an influential figure in early Ilkhanate politics,serving as sahib-i divan under four Mongol Ilkhans –Hulagu,Abaqa,Tekuder and Arghun Khan. In 1284,Arghun accused Shams al-Din of having poisoned the Ilkhan Abaqa,who may actually have died of the effects of alcoholism;Shams al-Din was duly executed and replaced as vizier by Buqa. A skillful political and military leader,Shams al-Din is also known to have patronized the arts. The musician Safi al-Din al-Urmawi was one of those he supported.
Jalal ad-Din Suyurgatmish was Qutlughanid ruler of Kerman and a son of Qutb al-Din Mohammad.
Qonqurtai was a Mongol prince and viceroy of Anatolia for the Ilkhanate khanate.
Qutui Khatun was a Mongol princess and one of the wives of Il-Khan Hulagu,founder of Ilkhanate. Their son,Tekuder,briefly served as Il-Khan from 1282 until 1284. Khatun had an important role in state affairs during Tekuder's reign,and she was known as a protector of Christians.
Qurumushi or Qurmushi was an Ilkhanate commander of Keraite origin who served as Mongol viceroy of Georgia.
Khutlubuga,also Khutlu Buga or Qutlugh Buqa,was an Armenian prince of the House of the Artsrunids,and a court official of the Kingdom of Eastern Georgia in the second half of the 13th century,the son of Atabeg-Amirspasalar Sadun Mankaberdeli. He himself became Amirspasalar (Commander-in-Chief) of the Georgian army,and for a short time towards the end of his life Atabeg. He also received the title of Paron from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Khutlubuga and his father Sadun were attached the name of Artsruni in Armenian texts,and Mankaberdeli in Georgian ones.
The Kingdom of Georgia from 1256 to 1329,sometimes called the Kingdom of Eastern Georgia was the official prolongation of the Kingdom of Georgia from 1256 to 1329,but limited in its rule to the geographical areas of central and eastern Georgia,while the western part of the country temporarily seceded to form the Kingdom of Western Georgia under its own line of kings. The secession followed a transitional period when the rule of the Kingdom of Georgia was jointly assumed by the cousins David VI and David VII from 1246 to 1256. The entity split into two parts when David VI,revolting from the Mongol hegemony,seceded in the western half of the kingdom and formed the Kingdom of Western Georgia in 1256. David VII was relegated to the rule of Eastern Georgia. During his reign,Eastern Georgia went into further decline under the Mongol overlordship.
Alinaq Noyan (–1289) was a commander of the Il-Khanate and a Commander of Georgia. He was the son-in-law of the Il-Khanid ruler Tekuder. He may have been a son of Tügür Bitigchi,a commander of Hulegu.
Khoshak Zakarian,also Khuashak,Khvashak or Xvashak,was a female member of the Zakarid dynasty of Armenia in the 14th century CE. She was the daughter of Avag Zakarian,an important prince,Lord High Constable of Georgia,and Gvantsa,a noblewoman who went on to become queen of Georgia. She was the granddaughter of Ivane I Zakarian.
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