Burmese general election, 1936

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Burmese general election, 1936
British Burma 1937 flag.svg
  1932 26 November 1936 1947  

132 seats in the House of Representatives
67 seats needed for a majority

  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader U Ba Pe Ba Maw Chit Hlaing
Party United GCBA Poor Man's Party Hlaing-Myat-Paw GCBA
Seats won 46 16 12

Viceroy before election

The Marquess of Linlithgow

Chief Minister

Ba Maw

State seal of Myanmar.svg
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General elections were held in Burma on 26 November 1936. The Government of Burma Act 1935 separated Burma from British India as of 1 April 1937, [1] and created a 36-seat Senate and a 132-seat House of Representatives. [2] The pro-constitution United GCBA of U Ba Pe emerged as the largest bloc in the House of Representatives, winning 46 seats. However, few parties were willing to work with U Ba Pe, [3] and the Governor invited Ba Maw to form a government, [4] despite his Poor Man's Party winning only 16 seats. Maw became Chief Minister after forming a coalition with Chit Hlaing and other "moderate extremists". [5] [4]

British Raj British rule in the Indian subcontinent, 1858-1947

The British Raj was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. The region under British control was commonly called British India or simply India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and those ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, and called the princely states. The whole was also informally called the Indian Empire. As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.

United GCBA

The United GCBA, also known as the Ngawbinwsaing, was a political party in Burma led by U Ba Pe.

Ba Maw Burmese politician

Ba Maw was a Burmese political leader, active during the interwar and World War II period.

Contents

Electoral system

The 132 seats in House of Representatives consisted of 91 members elected in single-member non-communal constituencies and 41 members elected from reserved seats. [6] However, large areas of the country in the north and east including the Shan States remained directly governed by the Governor and did not elect members of the House. [4] [2] Half of the 36 seats in the Senate were appointed by the Governor, whilst the remaining half were elected by members of the House of Representatives. [2]

Shan States historic (1885-1948) name for Minor Kingdoms (analogous to Princely state of British India) ruled by Saopha (similar to Thai royal title Chao Fa Prince/Princess) in areas of todays Burma, China, Laos and Northern Thailand from c.1215 to c.1959

The Shan States (1885–1948) were a collection of minor Shan kingdoms called mueang whose rulers bore the title saopha in British Burma. They were analogous to the princely states of British India.

Seat typeNumber
General constituencies91
Karen constituencies12
Urban Indian constituencies8
Burma Chamber of Commerce constituency5
European constituency3
Anglo-Burman constituency2
Burma Indian Chamber of Commerce constituency2
Indian Labour constituencies2
Non-Indian Labour constituencies2
Burmese Chamber of Commerce constituency1
Chinese Chamber of Commerce constituency1
Nattukottai Chettyar's Association constituency1
Rangoon Trades Association constituency1
Rangoon University constituency1
Total132

Campaign

Several of the reserved seats were uncontested, including Bassein North (Karen), Mandalay Indian Urban, the three-member European constituency, the Burmese Chamber of Commerce seat, the Nakkukottai Chettyar's Association seat, the five-member Burma Chamber of Commerce constituency, the Rangoon Trades Association seat and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce seat. [6]

Results

PartyVotes%Seats
General seats
United GCBA 46
Poor Man's Party 16
Hlaing-Myat-Paw GCBA 12
Komin Kochin Aphwe 3
Fabian Party0
Independent Party 0
Independents14
Reserved seats
Karen seats12
Commercial seats52111
Indian seats31,5968
European seats3
Indian Labour seats19,5462
Non-Indian Labour seats8,7472
Anglo-Burman seat9,0502
Rangoon University seat2001
Total132
Source: Singh, [6] Cady [7]

Aftermath

Despite winning the most seats, the United GCBA was unable to form a government as the party began to split soon after the elections. This allowed the Poor Man's Party to put together a coalition government which took power in March 1937; it included former People's Party member U Pu, U Paw Tun from the Hlaing-Myat-Paw GCBA, Saw Pe Tha from the Karen group and U Htoon Aung Gyaw from the Arakanese. Poor Man's Party MPs U Tharrawaddy Maung Maung and Thein Maung were also appointed to the cabinet, whilst Chit Hlaing became Speaker of the House. The government also gained support from the commercial MPs, many of the Poor Man's Party's more radical campaign promises were dropped. [8]

Peoples Party (Burma)

The People's Party was a political party in Burma.

Hlaing-Myat-Paw GCBA

The Hlaing-Myat-Paw GCBA was a political party in Burma led by Chit Hlaing.

Rakhine people ethnic group

The Rakhine people are an ethnic group in Myanmar (Burma) forming the majority along the coastal region of present-day Rakhine State. They possibly constitute 5.53% or more of Myanmar's total population, but no accurate census figures exist. Arakanese people also live in the southeastern parts of Bangladesh, especially in Chittagong Division and Barisal Division. A group of Arakanese descendants, living in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh at least since the 16th century, are known as the Marma people or Mog people.

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References

  1. "The New Constitution: Separation from India", The Times, 20 April 1937, p36, Issue 47663
  2. 1 2 3 "Legislature and Electors Burma at the Polls", The Times, 20 April 1937, p37, Issue 47663
  3. "Divided Burma: Launching The Constitution", The Times, 11 February 1937, p13, Issue 47606
  4. 1 2 3 "Burma On Her Own First Year Of Separation, State In The Making", The Times, 14 April 1938, p13, Issue 47969
  5. "The Imperial Conference Opening Speeches, Expressions Of Common Loyalty ", The Times, 15 May 1937, p17, Issue 47685
  6. 1 2 3 Ganga Singh (1940) Burma Parliamentary Companion, British Burma Press, pp341–361
  7. John F Cady (1958) A history of modern Burma, Cornell University Press, pp384–385
  8. John F Cady (1958) A history of modern Burma, Cornell University Press, p385