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An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Endophytes are ubiquitous and have been found in all species of plants studied to date; however, most of the endophyte/plant relationships are not well understood. Some endophytes may enhance host growth, nutrient acquisition and improve the plant's ability to tolerate abiotic stresses, such as drought and decrease biotic stresses by enhancing plant resistance to insects, pathogens and herbivores. Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant.
The Burkholderiaceae are a family of bacteria included in the order Burkholderiales. It includes some pathogenic species, such as Burkholderia mallei (glanders) and Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis). This family was found to be enriched in scale-eating pupfish guts, even after being fed a common laboratory diet, suggesting it may aid in scale-digestion.
Paenibacillus is a genus of facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria, originally included within the genus Bacillus and then reclassified as a separate genus in 1993. Bacteria belonging to this genus have been detected in a variety of environments, such as: soil, water, rhizosphere, vegetable matter, forage and insect larvae, as well as clinical samples. The name reflects: Latin paene means almost, so the paenibacilli are literally "almost bacilli". The genus includes P. larvae, which causes American foulbrood in honeybees, P. polymyxa, which is capable of fixing nitrogen, so is used in agriculture and horticulture, the Paenibacillus sp. JDR-2 which is a rich source of chemical agents for biotechnology applications, and pattern-forming strains such as P. vortex and P. dendritiformis discovered in the early 90s, which develop complex colonies with intricate architectures as shown in the pictures:
Paenibacillus polymyxa, also known as Bacillus polymyxa, is a Gram-positive bacterium capable of fixing nitrogen. It is found in soil, plant tissues, marine sediments and hot springs. It may have a role in forest ecosystems and potential future applications as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent in agriculture.
Pseudomonas lini is a fluorescent, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from rhizospheric soil in France. The type strain is CFBP 5737, though there are also eight other strains known. This bacterium has also been isolated from endophytic tissues of lodgepole pine trees growing on gravel mining sites with potential to perform biological nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion.
Pseudomonas migulae is a fluorescent, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from natural mineral waters in France. This bacterium has also been isolated from endophytic tissues of lodgepole pine trees growing on gravel mining sites with potential to perform biological nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. migulae has been placed in the P. fluorescens group.
Paraburkholderia phytofirmans is a species of bacteria. They have been reported to colonize endophytic tissues of hybrid spruce and lodgepole pine with a strong potential to perform biological nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion.
Caballeronia sordidicola is a species of bacteria which has been reported to perform biological nitrogen fixation and promote plant growth
Paraburkholderia terrae is a Gram-negative, nitrogen-fixing, catalase and oxidase-positive, motile bacterium with a single polar flagellum, from the genus Paraburkholderia and family Burkholderiaceae, which was isolated from a forest soil in Daejeon in South Korea.
Caballeronia zhejiangensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Caballeronia, which was isolated from a wastewater treatment system in China. Caballeronia zhejiangensis has the ability to degrade methyl parathion.
Paraburkholderia denitrificans is a gram-negative, bacterium from the genus Paraburkholderia and the family Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from wet forest soil on the island of Liancourt Rocks. Paraburkholderia denitrificans has the ability to reduced nitrate to nitrogen gas.
Caballeronia humi is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile bacterium from the genus Burkholderia and the family Burkholderiaceae which was isolated from peat soil in Russia.
Caballeronia telluris is a bacterium from the genus Caballeronia and the family Burkholderiaceae.
Caballeronia terrestris is a bacterium from the genus Burkholderia and family Burkholderiaceae.
Candidatus Caballeronia kirkii is a Gram-negative, non-fermenting bacterium from the genus Caballeronia and the family Burkholderiaceae. Ca. C. kirkii is an endosymbiont of the plant Psychotria kirkii, also known as Rubiaceae, and exists inside leaf and stem nodules.
Paraburkholderia insulsa is a Gram-negative, acidophilic, rod-shaped, arsenic-tolerant and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Burkholderia which has been isolated from the Ambitle Island on Papua New Guinea.
Paraburkholderia monticola is a Gram-negative, short-rod-shaped and aerobic bacterium from the genus Paraburkholderia which has been isolated from soil from the Gwanak Mountain in Korea.
Paraburkholderia rhizosphaerae is a bacterium from the genus of Paraburkholderia which has been isolated from rhizosphere soil in Daejeon in Korea.
Paraburkholderia is a genus of Pseudomonadota that are gram negative, slightly curved rods that are motile by means of flagella. They have been reported to colonize endophytic tissues of hybrid spruce and lodgepole pine with a strong potential to perform biological nitrogen fixation and plant growth promotion. Unlike Burkholderia species, Paraburkholderia members are not commonly associated with human infection. Paraburkholderia members form a monophyletic clade within the Burkholderiaceae family, which is what prompted their distinction as a genus independent from Burkholderia species, in combination with the finding of robust conserved signature indels which are unique to Paraburkholderia species, and are lacking in members of the genus Burkholderia. These CSIs distinguish the genus from all other bacteria. Additionally, the CSIs that were found to be shared by Burkholderia species are absent in Paraburkholderia, providing evidence of separate lineages.
Caballeronia is a genus of bacteria from the family of Burkholderiaceae which has been reported to perform biological nitrogen fixation and promote plant growth
References
- ↑ Dobritsa AP, Samadpour M (August 2016). "Transfer of eleven species of the genus Burkholderia to the genus Paraburkholderia and proposal of Caballeronia gen. nov. to accommodate twelve species of the genera Burkholderia and Paraburkholderia". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (8): 2836–2846. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001065 . PMID 27054671.
- ↑ "Straininfo of Burkholderia udeis". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
- ↑ LSPN lpsn.dsmz.de
- ↑ Vandamme P, De Brandt E, Houf K, Salles JF, Dirk van Elsas J, Spilker T, LiPuma JJ (December 2013). "Burkholderia humi sp. nov., Burkholderia choica sp. nov., Burkholderia telluris sp. nov., Burkholderia terrestris sp. nov. and Burkholderia udeis sp. nov.: Burkholderia glathei-like bacteria from soil and rhizosphere soil". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 12): 4707–4718. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.048900-0. PMID 23959831.
- ↑ "Taxonomy Browser". Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
- ↑ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-01-01). "Can naturally-occurring endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria of hybrid white spruce sustain boreal forest tree growth on extremely nutrient-poor soils?". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 140: 107642. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107642 . ISSN 0038-0717.
- ↑ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2018-12-15). "Evidence of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria in lodgepole pine and hybrid white spruce trees growing in soils with different nutrient statuses in the West Chilcotin region of British Columbia, Canada". Forest Ecology and Management. 430: 558–565. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.049. ISSN 0378-1127.
- ↑ Padda KP, Puri A, Chanway CP (2018-09-20). "Isolation and identification of endophytic diazotrophs from lodgepole pine trees growing at unreclaimed gravel mining pits in central interior British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 48 (12): 1601–1606. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2018-0347. hdl: 1807/92505 . ISSN 0045-5067.
- ↑ Puri A, Padda KP, Chanway CP (2020-08-26). "Sustaining the growth of Pinaceae trees under nutrient-limited edaphic conditions via plant-beneficial bacteria". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0238055. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1538055P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238055 . PMC 7449467 . PMID 32845898.
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