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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Aciditerrimonas ferrireducens is a Gram-positive, iron-reducing, moderately thermophilic, short rod-shaped, acidophilic and motile bacterium from the genus Aciditerrimonas which has been isolated from soil from a solfataric field in Ōwakudani in Japan.
Carboxydothermus ferrireducens is a thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Carboxydothermus.
Moorella humiferrea is a Gram-positive thermophilic, anaerobic and endospore-forming bacterium from the genus Moorella, which has been isolated from sediments from the Grot geyser, Valley of Geysers, Kamchatka, Russia. This microorganism is able to grow and reduce iron(III) oxide when small amounts of humic acid are available.
Moorella mulderi is a Gram-positive, thermophilic, homoacetogenic, anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus Moorella, which has been isolated from a sulfate reducing bioreactor in Wageningen in the Netherlands.
Caloranaerobacter is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
Caloranaerobacter azorensis is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent site from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Caminicella is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, thermophilic, heterotrophic, spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae with one known species.
Garciella is a Gram-positive, halotolerant, obligately anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacterial genus from the family of Eubacteriaceae with one known species.
Hippea is an obligate anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae. Hippea is named after the German microbiologist Hans Hippe.
Tepidibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
Vulcanibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species. Vulcanibacillus modesticaldus has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Rainbow Vent Field.
Lebetimonas natsushimae is a moderately thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Okinawa Trough.
Sinirhodobacter ferrireducens is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic and Fe(III) oxide-reducing bacterium from the genus Sinirhodobacter.
Deferrisoma camini is a moderately thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Deferrisoma which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre in the Pacific Ocean.
Geosporobacter ferrireducens is a heterotrophic, iron-reducing, alkaliphilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Geosporobacter which has been isolated from oil-contaminated soil from Korea.
Maledivibacter is a bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae with one known species. Clostridium halophilum has been reclassified to Maledivibacter halophilus.
Natronincola ferrireducens is an anaerobic, obligately alkaliphilic, spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Natronincola.
Wukongibacter is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped, anaerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Peptostreptococcaceae with one known species.
Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis is a species of bacteria in the family Peptostreptococcaceae. Clostridium caminithermale has been reclassified to Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis. Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Atlantic Ocean Ridge.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Caloranaerobacter". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Caloranaerobacter ferrireducens". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (2015). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Caloranaerobacter ferrireducens Zeng et al. 2015". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.26725.
- ↑ "Details: DSM-27799". www.dsmz.de.
- ↑ Zeng, X; Zhang, Z; Li, X; Jebbar, M; Alain, K; Shao, Z (June 2015). "Caloranaerobacter ferrireducens sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, iron (III)-reducing bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal sulfide deposits". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 65 (Pt 6): 1714–8. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.000165 . PMID 25736413.
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