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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Deferribacter is a genus in the phylum Deferribacterota (Bacteria).
Deferribacter autotrophicus is the most recently discovered species in the Deferribacter genus, isolated from a deep sea hydrothermal field. This motile, thermophilic, anaerobic organism stands out for its unique metabolic versatility, particularly its autotrophic capabilities which had not been previously observed in its genus.
Deferribacter desulfuricans is a species of sulfur-, nitrate- and arsenate-reducing thermophile first isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is an anaerobic, heterotrophic thermophile with type strain SSM1T.
Tepidibacter is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae.
Blastomonas is a Gram-negative, photoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic and non-spore-forming bacteria genus from the family of Sphingomonadaceae.
Flammeovirga is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and chemoorganotrophic genus of bacteria in the family Flammeovirgaceae which occur in marine environments.
Cyclobacterium is a mesophilic, neutrophilic, chemoorganotrophic and aerobic bacterial genus from the family of Cyclobacteriaceae. Cyclobacterium bacteria occur in marine habitats
Caldanaerobacter is a Gram-positive or negative and strictly anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Thermoanaerobacteraceae.
Caloranaerobacter azorensis is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent site from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Caloranaerobacter ferrireducens is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, iron-reducing and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from hydrothermal sulfide deposits from the East Pacific Rise.
Caminicella is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, thermophilic, heterotrophic, spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae with one known species.
Garciella is a Gram-positive, halotolerant, obligately anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacterial genus from the family of Eubacteriaceae with one known species.
Hippea is an obligate anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae. Hippea is named after the German microbiologist Hans Hippe.
Vulcanibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species. Vulcanibacillus modesticaldus has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Rainbow Vent Field.
Lebetimonas is a genus of bacteria from the family Nautiliaceae.
Lebetimonas natsushimae is a moderately thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Okinawa Trough.
Deferrisoma camini is a moderately thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Deferrisoma which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre in the Pacific Ocean.
Nautilia nitratireducens is a Gram-negative thermophilic, chemosynthetic, anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Nautilia which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the East Pacific Rise.
Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis is a species of bacteria in the family Peptostreptococcaceae. Clostridium caminithermale has been reclassified to Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis. Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Atlantic Ocean Ridge.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Parte, A.C. "Caloranaerobacter". LPSN .
- ↑ "Caloranaerobacter". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (2008). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M. (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Caloranaerobacter Wery et al. 2001". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.4081.
- ↑ Barbier, Georges; Wery, Nathalie (2015). "Caloranaerobacter". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00617. ISBN 9781118960608.
- ↑ Jiang, L; Xu, H; Zeng, X; Wu, X; Long, M; Shao, Z (November 2015). "Thermophilic hydrogen-producing bacteria inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal environments represented by Caloranaerobacter". Research in Microbiology. 166 (9): 677–87. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2015.05.002. PMID 26026841.
- ↑ Falkiewicz-Dulik, Michalina; Janda, Katarzyna; Wypych, George (2015). Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostablization. Elsevier. ISBN 9781927885024.
- ↑ Gargaud, Muriel; Martin, Hervé; Claeys, Philippe (2007). Lectures in Astrobiology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783540336938.
