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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Campylobacterota are a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. Only a few genera have been characterized, including the curved to spirilloid Wolinella, Helicobacter, and Campylobacter. Until the 2021 revision of bacterial taxonomy by the ICSP, the entire phylum was classified within the Proteobacteria as the Epsilonproteobacteria.
Methanobacterium, or methanogens, is a genus of the Methanobacteria class in the Archaea kingdom, which produce methane as a metabolic byproduct. Methane gas is a fuel source, but also a greenhouse gas, and a significant contributor to global warming. Despite the name, this genus belongs not to the bacterial domain but the archaeal domain. Methanobacterium are nonmotile and live without oxygen. They are incredibly sensitive to oxygen which means they strictly live in anoxic environments. A shared trait by all methanogens is their ability to cycle products. They can use the products of metabolic activities occurring during methanogenesis as substrates for the formation of methane. Methanobacterium species typically thrive in environments with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 28 to 40 °C, and in versatile ecological ranges. They are a part of the scientific world that is still relatively unknown, but methanogens are thought to be some of earth’s earliest life forms, with origins dating back over 3.4 billion years.
Deferribacter is a genus in the phylum Deferribacterota (Bacteria).
Caminibacter hydrogeniphilus is a species of thermophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. It is anaerobic, rod-shaped, motile and has polar flagella. The type strain is AM1116T.
Deferribacter desulfuricans is a species of sulfur-, nitrate- and arsenate-reducing thermophile first isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is an anaerobic, heterotrophic thermophile with type strain SSM1T.
Marinitoga piezophila is a species of rod-shaped, thermo-piezophilic bacteria. It is, anaerobic, chemo-organotrophic, sulfur-reducing, motile, have a mean length of 1-1.5 micrometres and stains Gram-negative. The type strain is KA3T.
Tepidibacter is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria in the family Clostridiaceae.
Caloranaerobacter azorensis is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent site from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Caloranaerobacter ferrireducens is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, iron-reducing and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from hydrothermal sulfide deposits from the East Pacific Rise.
Caminicella is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, thermophilic, heterotrophic, spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae with one known species.
Hippea is an obligate anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae. Hippea is named after the German microbiologist Hans Hippe.
Vulcanibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species. Vulcanibacillus modesticaldus has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Rainbow Vent Field.
Lebetimonas is a genus of bacteria from the family Nautiliaceae.
Deferrisoma camini is a moderately thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Deferrisoma which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre in the Pacific Ocean.
Nautilia nitratireducens is a Gram-negative thermophilic, chemosynthetic, anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Nautilia which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the East Pacific Rise.
Caminibacter mediatlanticus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic, thermophilic bacterium from the genus of Caminibacter which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Nitratiruptor sp. is a genus of deep sea gram-negative Campylobacterota isolated from Iheya North Hydrothermal field in Okinawa Trough (Japan). This rod-shaped microorganism grows chemolithoautotrophically in a wide variety of electron donors and acceptors in absence of light and oxygen. It is also a thermophilic group capable of growing within the range of 37–65 °C with the optimal at 55 °C.
Thermodesulfobacterium hveragerdense is a bacterial species belonging to genus Thermodesulfobacterium, which are thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria. This species is found in aquatic areas of high temperature, and lives in freshwater like most, but not all Thermodesulfobacterium species It was first isolated from hotsprings in Iceland.
Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis is a species of bacteria in the family Peptostreptococcaceae. Clostridium caminithermale has been reclassified to Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis. Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Atlantic Ocean Ridge.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Parte, A.C. "Caloranaerobacter". LPSN .
- ↑ "Caloranaerobacter". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (2008). "Nomenclature Abstract for Caloranaerobacter Wery et al. 2001". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.4081 (inactive 2024-04-17).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ↑ Barbier, Georges; Wery, Nathalie (2015). "Caloranaerobacter". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00617. ISBN 9781118960608.
- ↑ Jiang, L; Xu, H; Zeng, X; Wu, X; Long, M; Shao, Z (November 2015). "Thermophilic hydrogen-producing bacteria inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal environments represented by Caloranaerobacter". Research in Microbiology. 166 (9): 677–87. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2015.05.002. PMID 26026841.
- ↑ Falkiewicz-Dulik, Michalina; Janda, Katarzyna; Wypych, George (2015). Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostablization. Elsevier. ISBN 9781927885024.
- ↑ Gargaud, Muriel; Martin, Hervé; Claeys, Philippe (2007). Lectures in Astrobiology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783540336938.
