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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Deferribacter desulfuricans is a species of sulfur-, nitrate- and arsenate-reducing thermophile first isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is an anaerobic, heterotrophic thermophile with type strain SSM1T.
Phorcysia is a bacteria genus from the family Desulfurobacteriaceae.
Abyssivirga alkaniphila is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, syntrophic, alkane-degrading and motile bacterium from the genus of Abyssivirga which has been isolated from biofilm from a black smoker chimney from the Loki's Castle vent field near Norway.
Caldanaerobius zeae is a Gram-positive thermophilic, anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Caldanaerobius which has been isolated from organic waste leachate in Hoopeston in the United States.
Caldimicrobium is a genus of bacteria from the family of Thermodesulfobacteriaceae.
Caloranaerobacter is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
Caloranaerobacter ferrireducens is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, iron-reducing and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from hydrothermal sulfide deposits from the East Pacific Rise.
Caminicella is a Gram-negative, anaerobic, thermophilic, heterotrophic, spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae with one known species.
Hippea is an obligate anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae. Hippea is named after the German microbiologist Hans Hippe.
Hippea alviniae is a thermoacidophilic and obligately anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Hippea which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the East Pacific Rise.
Vulcanibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species. Vulcanibacillus modesticaldus has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Rainbow Vent Field.
Caldilinea is a genus of bacteria from the family of Caldilineaceae.
Lebetimonas is a genus of bacteria from the family Nautiliaceae.
Lebetimonas acidiphila is a thermophilic, acidophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing and motile bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas. To observe growth there temperature should be between 30 and 68 degrees Celsius.
Lebetimonas natsushimae is a moderately thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Okinawa Trough.
Thermostilla is a thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species. Thermostilla marina has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from a Vulcano Island in Italy.
Deferrisoma camini is a moderately thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Deferrisoma which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre in the Pacific Ocean.
Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis is a species of bacteria in the family Peptostreptococcaceae. Clostridium caminithermale has been reclassified to Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis. Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Atlantic Ocean Ridge.
Acidimangrovimonas indica is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Acidimangrovimonas which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Southwest Indian Ridge in China.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Caloranaerobacter". LPSN .
- ↑ "Caloranaerobacter azorensis Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net. Archived from the original on 2017-12-27. Retrieved 2017-12-27.
- ↑ "Caloranaerobacter azorensis". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (2008). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Caloranaerobacter azorensis Wery et al. 2001". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.4082 (inactive 2024-04-17).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ↑ Wery, N; Moricet, JM; Cueff, V; Jean, J; Pignet, P; Lesongeur, F; Cambon-Bonavita, MA; Barbier, G (September 2001). "Caloranaerobacter azorensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (Pt 5): 1789–96. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-5-1789 . PMID 11594610.
- ↑ "Details: DSM-13643". www.dsmz.de.
- ↑ Satyanarayana, Tulasi; Littlechild, Jennifer; Kawarabayasi, Yutaka (2013). Thermophilic Microbes in Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology: Biotechnology of Thermophiles. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400758995.
