Calton weavers

Last updated

The Calton weavers were a community of handweavers established in the community of Calton, then in Lanarkshire just outside Glasgow, Scotland in the 18th century. [1] In 1787 the weavers went on strike. Troops opened fire on the demonstrators and six weavers were killed. [2] In the early 19th century, many of the weavers emigrated to Canada, settling in Carleton Place and other communities in eastern Ontario, where they continued their trade. [3]

Contents

Origins

Handloom weaving in 1747, from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness Hand-loom weaving.jpg
Handloom weaving in 1747, from William Hogarth's Industry and Idleness

In 1705, Walkinshaw of Barrowfield bought some pastureland from the community of Glasgow, then known by the name of Blackfauld, on which he started to establish a weaving village. [4] Walkinshaw was involved in the 1715 Jacobite rising, which ruined him. Glasgow Town Council reacquired the land in 1723, naming the area Calton, a name retained when Glasgow sold Calton to the Orr family in 1730. [5] The land lay on the east bank of the River Clyde just upstream of Glasgow. Although close to the center of modern Glasgow, Calton was an independent village, later a municipal burgh, that was not incorporated in the city of Glasgow until 1846. [6]

The newly formed weaving settlement of Calton was beyond the reach of the Glasgow weavers guild. On 23 February 1725 an agreement was recorded between the weavers of Glasgow and the weavers of Calton and Blackfaulds to regulate and control the industry, to ensure good standards of craftmanship and to prevent destructive competition. [7] The agreement involved payment. As late as 1830, the weavers in Calton were paying the weavers of Glasgow five groats out of every loom, and thirty pounds Scots yearly. [8]

The technology of weaving improved throughout eighteenth century, while remaining accessible to the master weaver working in his home. The quality of linen cloth became more uniform and productivity was higher. There was steady demand from Britain's North American and Caribbean colonists and slave plantations, protected from European competition. [9] At the peak of Calton's prosperity after 1780, when the fly-shuttle was introduced, wages had risen to nearly £100 a year and weavers had risen to high places in society. [10]

The handweavers and warpers of Calton were known for their clubs or friendly societies. The Calton book club was educational in intent, reflecting the aspirations of skilled workers just above the common laborer on the social scale. Other clubs were more concerned with issues such as wages and working conditions. Their descendants were much later to evolve into trade unions. [11] The community appears to have been better administered than the neighboring city of Glasgow. As late as 1840 a study noted that the burgh of Calton was not exposed to the same degree of "animadversion" as Glasgow. The magistrates required that all lodging houses were licensed, and laid down sanitary regulations that were rigidly enforced. The streets were intersected with common sewers of the best description, which were kept very clean. [12]

Industrial revolution

During the period between 1760 and 1830 the Lowland Clearances reduced demand for farm labour, forcing families to the cities to find work, usually in the mills. Life was hard; poverty, disease and desperation were rife. The displaced cottars had few skills other than weaving. They crowded the mills depressing wages. [13] The end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815 released soldiers into the workforce, increasing the problem. [14] Irish immigrants also swelled the working population. By 1851, 23% of the population of Glasgow was Irish in origin. The Irish were blamed for crime and unemployment but, evidence of the time showed that, in fact, the Irish were more willing to work and less likely to seek relief than the Scots. [15]

Illustration of power loom weaving in 1835, from History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain by Edward Baines (1800-1890). An idealized view of women working in a clean and spacious environment. Powerloom weaving in 1835.jpg
Illustration of power loom weaving in 1835, from History of the cotton manufacture in Great Britain by Edward Baines (1800–1890). An idealized view of women working in a clean and spacious environment.

From the later part of the 18th century, and accelerating in the 19th century, the weaving industry became increasingly mechanized. The flying shuttle halved the time to weave a piece, although it was not introduced to Scotland until the end of the 18th century. [16] Steam-powered spinning mills were built starting in 1798. [17] Power looms were used in Scottish linen weaving as early as 1810. [18] Population growth and industrial mechanization combined to cause increasing social problems.

Social problems

Calton Weavers Strike

In the summer of 1787, the journeymen weavers of the Calton started to agitate for a wage increase. The dispute grew bitter, with the strikers cutting the webs from the looms of weavers who continued to work at the old rate, and making bonfires in the street from the contents of warehouses. On 3 September the city magistrates, with a force of officers, went to the Calton but were driven back by the mob. A detachment of the 39th Regiment marched, and a pitched battle occurred at Parkhouse, in Duke Street. The Riot Act was read, and a volley of musket fire killed three of the weavers and injured others. Further disturbances were quickly suppressed by the troops. [19] This was the earliest major industrial dispute in Scottish history. The Calton Weavers became Scotland's first working-class martyrs. [20]

Nineteenth century

In October 1800 there were food riots in Calton. In 1816 a soup kitchen was established in Calton which led to a riot that again had to be put down by troops. By the 1830s the Calton handloom weavers were among the most destitute of the skilled working class. Not just men but women and children worked the looms in their struggle to survive. During the frequent depressions of that period many were forced to pawn their bedding and clothes to avoid starvation. [21] Powerloom factories threatened the weavers. In 1816 two thousand rioters tried to destroy such factories in Calton and stoned the workers. [11]

An 1812 inquiry into wages was told that 1792 regulations pricing weavers' work had not been adhered to. Wages had fallen from 18 shillings for six days work to 8 shillings. [22] In 1834 an inquiry found that there was full employment but the large numbers meant that all were very poor. The average working day was said to be 13 hours, with 6 shillings 5 pence being earned for a six-day week, from which a frame rent of 1 shilling 5 pence was deducted. [10] Although women had long worked as weavers, journeymen weavers regarded women as competition. In 1810 the Calton association of weavers had moved that no new female apprentices could be taken except from the weaver's own families. In June 1833, male cotton spinners struck against female spinners at Dennistoun's mill in Calton, using violent means to drive them from the workplace. [11]

Children were frequently employed in the mills. The proprietor of a factory in New Lanark said that when he bought the mill he found 500 children working there, mostly between the ages of five and eight, who had been taken from the poor-houses. Although the children had been well fed and clothed, their growth was stunted in many cases. Another mill owner claimed that most of the children he employed, who were under the age of ten, had very poor parents. If they were deprived of work this would cause great hardship. A Factories Inquiry Commission of 1833 found that children working in the mills were often too tired to eat and, when woken in the morning, unable to dress themselves. Scotland was considered the worst area for child cruelty and their tiredness often caused serious accidents with the machinery. [23]

A writer in the 1840s said that "the religious, moral and intellectual conditions of the weavers were long of a very high grade ... but as poverty prevents many of them from attending public worship, and still more from educating their children, there can be little doubt that their character is fast deteriorating, and that their children will be in a still more deplorable condition." A report on the state of the burgh of Calton presented by a magistrate to the British Association described high levels of pilfering, including the bowl weft system generally carried on by weavers and winders. These workers embezzled cotton yarns, silks, etc. and sold them to small manufacturers to eke out their wages by an amount estimated at one penny per day for each man. [12]

The Templeton's Carpet Factory in the Calton, opened in 1892, designed to resemble the Doge's Palace in Venice. During its construction, on 1 November 1889, part of a wall collapsed. Over 100 women working in the weaving sheds at the back were trapped and 29 were killed. TempletonDogesPalace.jpg
The Templeton's Carpet Factory in the Calton, opened in 1892, designed to resemble the Doge's Palace in Venice. During its construction, on 1 November 1889, part of a wall collapsed. Over 100 women working in the weaving sheds at the back were trapped and 29 were killed.

With the incorporation into Glasgow of 1846, the later history of Calton and its weavers is part of Glasgow's history. The city expanded further and the textile mills, clothing factories and dyeworks enlarged together with carpet-making and leather works. Exporting was greatly enabled by new shipping lines using the deepened River Clyde. The city also diversified into heavy industries like shipbuilding, locomotive construction and other engineering that could thrive on nearby supplies of coal and iron ore.

Migration

The Scottish weaver communities formed many emigration societies, seeking for government assistance. [25] They were granted some help with their passage and free land in the Rideau Valley, a strategically important part of Upper Canada where the government was anxious to settle loyal Scots. Nearly three thousand people were helped to emigrate in 1820 and 1821, founding the Lanark Settlements in what is now Lanark County to the north of Perth, Ontario. [3] There are many Scottish place names such as Perth, Glengarry, Lanark and Renfrew along the Rideau and in the small lake area north of Kingston. The majority of the first settlers came from the overpopulated towns and countryside of Lanarkshire and Glasgow. [26] [27] Many of them found work in the newly opened woolen mills in the area. [28]

The Calton Weavers massacre of 1787 is commemorated in a panel by Scottish artist Ken Currie in the People's Palace, Glasgow commissioned on the 200th anniversary of the event. [29] The song "The Calton Weaver" is a variant of "Nancy Whiskey", which first appeared in print in the early 1900s. The Scottish folksinger Nancy Whiskey took her name from the song, [30] and it has been recorded by many other artists[ citation needed ] [31] including Ewan MacColl. [32] The song tells of a Calton weaver who spent his life savings on whisky. The song ends with a solemn caution: [33]

Come all ye weavers, Calton weavers
A' ye weavers where'er ye be
Beware of whiskey, Nancy Whiskey
She'll ruin you as she ruined me.

The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem released a version of "Nancy Whisky" on their seventh album for Columbia Records, Isn't It Grand Boys (1966). The Alaska based Celtic rock band Fire on McGinnis released their version of "Nancy Whiskey" on their debut album, Fire on McGinnis (2012). Shane MacGowan and The Popes also included a version of "Nancy Whiskey" on the album The Snake (1995). [34]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weaving</span> Technology for the production of textiles

Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. Other methods are knitting, crocheting, felting, and braiding or plaiting. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft, woof, or filling. The method in which these threads are interwoven affects the characteristics of the cloth. Cloth is usually woven on a loom, a device that holds the warp threads in place while filling threads are woven through them. A fabric band that meets this definition of cloth can also be made using other methods, including tablet weaving, back strap loom, or other techniques that can be done without looms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spinning jenny</span> Multi-spool spinning frame

The spinning jenny is a multi-spindle spinning frame, and was one of the key developments in the industrialisation of textile manufacturing during the early Industrial Revolution. It was invented in 1764-1765 by James Hargreaves in Stan hill, Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire in England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power loom</span> Mechanised loom powered by a line shaft

A power loom is a mechanized loom, and was one of the key developments in the industrialization of weaving during the early Industrial Revolution. The first power loom was designed and patented in 1785 by Edmund Cartwright. It was refined over the next 47 years until a design by the Howard and Bullough company made the operation completely automatic. This device was designed in 1834 by James Bullough and William Kenworthy, and was named the Lancashire loom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotton mill</span> Building producing yarn or cloth from cotton

A cotton mill is a building that houses spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton, an important product during the Industrial Revolution in the development of the factory system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution</span> Early textile production via automated means

Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution was centred in south Lancashire and the towns on both sides of the Pennines in the United Kingdom. The main drivers of the Industrial Revolution were textile manufacturing, iron founding, steam power, oil drilling, the discovery of electricity and its many industrial applications, the telegraph and many others. Railroads, steamboats, the telegraph and other innovations massively increased worker productivity and raised standards of living by greatly reducing time spent during travel, transportation and communications.

Herron's Mills, originally known as Gillies Mills, is a ghost town in the municipality of Lanark Highlands, Lanark County in Eastern Ontario, Canada, near the community of Lanark. It is located on highway 511 between Perth and Calabogie, Ontario.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calton, Glasgow</span> District in the Scottish city of Glasgow

Calton, known locally as The Calton, is a district in Glasgow. It is situated north of the River Clyde, and just to the east of the city centre. Calton's most famous landmark is the Barras street market and the Barrowland Ballroom, one of Glasgow's principal musical venues.

Nancy Whiskey was a Scottish folk singer, best known for the 1957 hit song, "Freight Train".

The Calton weavers' strike of 1787 was the earliest major industrial dispute in Scottish history, when troops fired on demonstrators, killing six. The Calton weavers became Scotland's first working-class martyrs. Ultimately the strike contributed to a workers movement which achieved fundamental changes in the relationship between workforce and employers. The Calton Weavers massacre of 1787 is commemorated in a panel by Scottish artist Ken Currie in the People's Palace, Glasgow, commissioned on the 200th anniversary of the event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harle Syke</span> Human settlement in England

Harle Syke is a small village within the parish of Briercliffe, situated three miles north of Burnley, Lancashire, England. It was the home to eleven weaving firms, working out of seven mills. Queen Street Mill closed in 1982, and was converted to a textile museum, preserving it as a working mill. It is the world's last 19th-century steam powered weaving mill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Donegal tweed</span>

Donegal tweed is a woven tweed manufactured in County Donegal, Ireland. Originally all handwoven, it is now mostly machine woven and has been since the introduction of mechanised looms in the 1950s-1960s. Donegal has for centuries been producing tweed from local materials in the making of caps, suits and vests. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, The Royal Linen Manufacturers of Ulster distributed approximately six thousand flax spinning wheels and sixty looms for weaving to various Donegal homesteads. These machines helped establish the homespun tweed industry in nineteenth-century Donegal. Although Donegal tweed has been manufactured for centuries it took on its modern form in the 1880s, largely due to the pioneering work of English philanthropist Alice Rowland Hart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Silk industry of Cheshire</span>

Congleton, Macclesfield, Bollington and Stockport, England, were traditionally silk-weaving towns. Silk was woven in Cheshire from the late 1600s. The handloom weavers worked in the attic workshops in their own homes. Macclesfield was famous for silk buttons manufacture. The supply of silk from Italy was precarious and some hand throwing was done, giving way after 1732 to water-driven mills, which were established in Stockport and Macclesfield.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bancroft Shed</span> Mill museum in England

Bancroft Shed was a weaving shed in Barnoldswick, Lancashire, England, situated on the road to Skipton. Construction was started in 1914 and the shed was commissioned in 1920 for James Nutter & Sons Limited. The mill closed on 22 December 1978 and was demolished. The engine house, chimneys and boilers have been preserved and maintained as a working steam museum. The mill was the last steam-driven weaving shed to be constructed and the last to close.

Piece-rate lists were the ways of assessing a cotton operatives pay in Lancashire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They started as informal agreements made by one cotton master and their operatives then each cotton town developed their own list. Spinners merged all of these into two main lists which were used by all, while weavers used one 'unified' list.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harle Syke Mill</span>

Harle Syke mill is a weaving shed in Briercliffe on the outskirts of Burnley, Lancashire, England. It was built on a green field site in 1856, together with terraced houses for the workers. These formed the nucleus of the community of Harle Syke. The village expanded and six other mills were built, including Queen Street Mill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Industrial Revolution in Scotland</span>

In Scotland, the Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes and economic expansion between the mid-eighteenth century and the late nineteenth century. By the start of the eighteenth century, a political union between Scotland and England became politically and economically attractive, promising to open up the much larger markets of England, as well as those of the growing British Empire, resulting in the Treaty of Union of 1707. There was a conscious attempt among the gentry and nobility to improve agriculture in Scotland. New crops were introduced and enclosures began to displace the run rig system and free pasture. The economic benefits of union were very slow to appear, some progress was visible, such as the sales of linen and cattle to England, the cash flows from military service, and the tobacco trade that was dominated by Glasgow after 1740. Merchants who profited from the American trade began investing in leather, textiles, iron, coal, sugar, rope, sailcloth, glass-works, breweries, and soap-works, setting the foundations for the city's emergence as a leading industrial center after 1815.

Ellen Hooton was a ten-year-old girl from Wigan who gave testimony to the Central Board of His Majesty's Commissioners for inquiring into the Employment of Children in Factories, 1833. She had been working for several years at a spinning frame, in a cotton mill along with other children. She worked from 5.30 am till 8 pm, six days a week and nine hours on a Saturday. She absconded at least 10 times and was punished by her overseers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paisley shawls</span> 18th–19th-century item of womens clothing in Europe

Paisley shawls were a fashionable item of women's clothing in Europe during the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Many were made of intricately woven and delicate wool, as well as examples being printed onto silks, wools, and cotton. These pieces were highly decorative. Although now known as the Paisley pattern, the teardrop motif originated in Persia and India, becoming popular in Europe—and synonymous with Paisley, Renfrewshire, therefore earning name-association with the town—in the nineteenth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galway shawl</span> Traditional Irish clothing

The term Galway shawl usually refers to a specific type of heavyweight shawl that was worn by Irish women during the colder seasons. It became popular during the late nineteenth century and was still being worn up until the 1950s by a few, older Irish women. Throughout Ireland, not just in Galway, women traditionally wore various types of lightweight shawls that were hand knit, crocheted, or woven; and would have been of solid color, plaid, print, or paisley. Lightweight shawls, worn directly over the blouse and tied or tucked in at the waist, were worn in all seasons, both indoors and out. The Galway shawl was a winter-weight outer garment worn over the lightweight shawl.

Henry Monteith of Carstairs (1764–1848) was a Scottish businessman and Tory politician who twice served as Lord Provost of Glasgow from 1814 to 1816 and 1818 to 1820, and as MP for Linlithgow 1820 to 1826 and 1830 to 1831.

References

  1. ↑ Calton is now within Glasgow itself.
  2. ↑ JANEY GODLEY (30 April 2007). "Weaving a new image for people of Calton". The Scotsman. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  3. 1 2 Lucille H. Campey (2005). The Scottish pioneers of Upper Canada, 1784-1855: Glengarry and beyond. Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 52ff. ISBN   1-897045-01-8.
  4. ↑ George MacGregor (1881). The history of Glasgow: from the earliest period to the present time. T. D. Morison. p. 280.
  5. ↑ "Calton" (PDF). Saint Mary's, Calton. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  6. ↑ William Campbell (assessor, Glasgow.) (1883). History of the incorporation of cordiners in Glasgow. R. Anderson. p. 108.
  7. ↑ Robert D. Mcewan (2008). Old Glasgow Weavers: Being Records of the Incorporation of Weavers. READ BOOKS. p. 108. ISBN   978-1-4086-9826-6.
  8. ↑ John M'Ure (1830). A view of the city of Glasgow, or, An account of its origin, rise and progress, with a more particular description thereof than has hitherto been known. James Duncan. p. 223.
  9. ↑ Richard Saville (1996). Bank of Scotland: a history, 1695-1995. Edinburgh University Press, 1996. p. 126. ISBN   0-7486-0757-9.
  10. 1 2 J A Haythornthwaite. "Scotland in the nineteenth century - an analytical bibliography of material relating to Scotland in parliamentary papers, 1800-1900: Textile industry". Glasgow Digital Library. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  11. 1 2 3 Anna Clark (1997). The struggle for the breeches: gender and the making of the British working class. University of California Press. p. 32ff. ISBN   0-520-20883-8.
  12. 1 2 Dr. W.C. Taylor (1840). "Moral Economy of Large Towns Glasgow". Bentley's miscellany, Volume 8. Richard Bentley.
  13. ↑ Peter Aitchison, Andrew Cassell (2003). The Lowland clearances: Scotland's silent revolution, 1760–1830. Tuckwell. ISBN   1-86232-277-5.
  14. ↑ Ronald Miller (1958). The Glasgow region: a general survey. T. & A. Constable. p. 163.
  15. ↑ Royal Statistical Society (Great Britain) (1870). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Volume 33. p. 325.
  16. ↑ Jane Gray (2005). Spinning the threads of uneven development: gender and industrialization in Ireland during the long 18th century. Lexington Books. pp. 141–142. ISBN   0-7391-0947-2.
  17. ↑ Christopher A. Whatley (28 January 1997). The Industrial Revolution in Scotland. Cambridge University Press, 1997. p. 25. ISBN   0-521-57643-1.
  18. ↑ Marilyn Cohen (1997). The warp of Ulster's past. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 172. ISBN   0-312-12907-6.
  19. ↑ George MacGregor (1881). The history of Glasgow: from the earliest period to the present time. T. D. Morison. pp. 371–372.
  20. ↑ Iain Lundy (17 May 2007). "Friends set to bring city's Calton Weavers back to life". Evening Times. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  21. ↑ Rowan Strong (2002). Episcopalianism in nineteenth-century Scotland: religious responses to a modernizing society. Oxford University Press. pp. 188–189. ISBN   0-19-924922-9.
  22. ↑ J A Haythornthwaite. "Scotland in the nineteenth century, an analytical bibliography of material relating to Scotland in parliamentary papers, 1800-1900: Wages". Glasgow Digital Library. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  23. ↑ J A Haythornthwaite. "Scotland in the nineteenth century, an analytical bibliography of material relating to Scotland in parliamentary papers, 1800-1900: Child employment". Glasgow Digital Library. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  24. ↑ "Templeton's Carpet Factory". Clyde Waterfront. Retrieved 8 February 2010.
  25. ↑ Marjory Harper (1988). Emigration from North-east Scotland: Willing exiles. Aberdeen University Press. p. 126. ISBN   0-08-036415-2.
  26. ↑ Howard Morton Brown (2007). Lanark Legacy: Nineteenth Century Glimpses of an Ontario County. General Store Publishing House. p. 14. ISBN   978-1-897113-62-2.
  27. ↑ "Ramsay Township, Ontario, Canada: Settlement and History". Bytown or Bust. 10 December 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  28. ↑ "Great Falls At Almonte Started Woollen Industry". Wordpress. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  29. ↑ Ken Currie. "WEAVERS STRUGGLES ... THE CALTON WEAVERS MASSACRE". Media Matters. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  30. ↑ Dean Steel (8 February 2003). "Nancy Whiskey – Vocalist whose hit song Freight Train made her, briefly, the queen of skiffle". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  31. ↑ [ permanent dead link ]
  32. ↑ Steam Whistle Ballads Topic 12T104; The Definitive Collection Highpoint HPO 6006
  33. ↑ John Renfro Davis. "The Calton Weaver". Contemplator.com. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  34. ↑ "The Snake - Shane MacGowan, Shane MacGowan & the Popes | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic . Retrieved 20 August 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.