Related Research Articles
The Romani people, also known as the Roma, are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. Linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the Roma originated in the Indian subcontinent, in particular the region of Rajasthan. Their first wave of westward migration is believed to have occurred sometime between the 5th and 11th centuries. Their name is from the Sanskrit word डोम which translates into a member of the Dom caste of travelling musicians and dancers. The Romani population moved west into the Ghaznavid Empire and later into the Byzantine Empire. The Roma are thought to have arrived in Europe around the 13th to 14th century. Although they are widely dispersed, their most concentrated populations are believed to be in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia.
Palermo is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is in the northwest of the island of Sicily, by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.
The Romani Holocaust was the planned effort by Nazi Germany and its World War II allies and collaborators to commit ethnic cleansing and eventually genocide against European Roma and Sinti peoples during the Holocaust era.
The Sinti are found mostly in Germany, France and Italy and Central Europe, numbering some 1,000,000 people. They were traditionally itinerant, but today only a small percentage of Sinti remain unsettled. In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.
The Yenish are an itinerant group in Western Europe who live mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and parts of France, roughly centered on the Rhineland. A number of theories for the group's origins have been proposed, including that the Yenish descended from members of the marginalized and vagrant poor classes of society of the early modern period, before emerging as a distinct group by the early 19th century. Most of the Yenish became sedentary in the course of the mid-19th to 20th centuries.
Roma, traditionally Țigani, constitute one of Romania's largest minorities. According to the 2011 census, their number was 621,573 people or 3.3% of the total population, being the second-largest ethnic minority in Romania after Hungarians. There are different estimates about the size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania, varying from 4.6 percent to over 10 percent of the population, because many people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma. For example, in 2007 the Council of Europe estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania, based on an average between the lowest estimate and the highest estimate available at the time. This figure is equivalent to 8.32% of the population.
Anti-Romani sentiment is a form of bigotry which consists of hostility, prejudice, discrimination, racism and xenophobia which is specifically directed at Romani people. Non-Romani itinerant groups in Europe such as the Yenish, Irish and Highland Travellers are frequently given the name "gypsy" and as a result, they are frequently confused with the Romani people. As a result, sentiments which were originally directed at the Romani people are also directed at other traveler groups and they are frequently referred to as "antigypsy" sentiments.
The Romani people have several distinct populations, the largest being the Roma and the Calé, who reached Anatolia and the Balkans in the early 12th century, from a migration out of the Indian subcontinent beginning about 1st century – 2nd century AD. They settled in the areas of present-day Turkey, Greece, Serbia, Romania, Croatia, Moldova, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Hungary, Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Slovenia and Slovakia, by order of volume, and Spain. From the Balkans, they migrated throughout Europe and, in the nineteenth and later centuries, to the Americas. The Roma population in the United States is estimated at more than one million.
The National Institute for Astrophysics is an Italian research institute in astronomy and astrophysics, founded in 1999. INAF funds and operates twenty separate research facilities, which in turn employ scientists, engineers and technical staff. The research they perform covers most areas of astronomy, ranging from planetary science to cosmology.
Scottish Romani are the Romani people of Scotland. This includes Romanichal and Lowland Roma.
Opera Nomadi is Italy's largest Romani organisation. It was founded in 1963 to combat discrimination and prejudice against the Romani people. Hostility towards the Romanies in Italy has been growing in recent years and in 2008 the organisation criticised the indifference of Italian to the deaths of two Roma children on a beach - the organisation said the reaction by those on the beach "showed a terrible lack of sensitivity and respect."
Romani people in France, generally known in spoken French as gitans, tsiganes or manouches, are an ethnic group that originated in Northern India. The exact number of Romani people in France is unknown; estimates vary from 500,000 to 1,200,000.
The Romani people are known by a variety of names, mostly as Gypsies, Roma, Tsinganoi, Bohémiens, and various linguistic variations of these names. There are also numerous subgroups and clans with their own self-designations, such as the Sinti, Kalderash, Boyash, Manouche, Lovari, Lăutari, Machvaya, Romanichal, Romanisael, Kale, Kaale, Xoraxai and Modyar.
Sinte Romani is the variety of Romani spoken by the Sinti people in Germany, France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, some parts of Northern Italy and other adjacent regions. Sinte Romani is characterized by significant German influence and is not mutually intelligible with other forms of Romani. The language is written in the Latin script.
There are a number of traditionally itinerant or travelling groups in Europe who are known as Travellers or Gypsies.
Romani people in Germany are estimated at around 170,000–300,000, constituting around 0.2–0.4% of the German population. One-third of Germany's Romani belong to the Sinti group. Most speak German or Sinte Romani.
Castelluccio culture is an archaeological feature dating to Ancient Bronze Age of the prehistoric civilization of Sicily, originally identified by Paolo Orsi on the basis of a particular ceramic style, in the homonymous village, between Noto and Siracusa.
Romani people have been recorded in the United Kingdom since at least the early 16th century. There are estimated to be around 225,000 Romani residing in the UK. This includes the Romanichal, Kale, Scottish Lowland Roma and a sizeable population of Roma from Continental Europe, who immigrated into the UK in the late 1990s/early 2000s and after EU expansion in 2004. They are considered part of the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (GRT) community.
Environmental racism is a form of institutional racism leading to landfills, incinerators, and hazardous waste disposal being disproportionally placed in communities of colour. This includes the lack of minority and indigenous representation in environmental decision-making and inequality in resource development. Internationally, it is also associated with extractivism, which places the environmental burdens of mining, oil extraction, and industrial agriculture upon Indigenous peoples and poorer nations largely inhabited by people of colour.
According to The Council of Europe, there are approximately 30,000 Romani people living in Belgium.
References
- 1 2 Palermo, Francesco (2019-05-13). "The situation of the Roma in Italy". Trauma and Memory. 7 (1): 42–45. doi:10.12869/TM2019-1-07. ISSN 2282-0043. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- 1 2 3 Todisco, Arianna (April 26, 2021). "The 'walkers' of Sicily survive on the tradition of selling balloons". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2021-12-29. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "National minorities: Council of Europe body calls on Italy to better protect Roma, Sinti and Camminanti". Council of Europe . Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- ↑ "What is antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination?". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance . Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- ↑ "Exclusion of Roma, Sinti and Camminanti from the roles of institutional representatives in the creation of the National Integration Strategy for the City of Rome". European Parliament . Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- 1 2 3 4 "Caminanti di Noto, i "siciliani erranti" di cui pochi hanno sentito parlare: i segreti della comunità nascosta". Siciliafan (in Italian). 2021-04-13. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- 1 2 Strati, Filippo. "Promoting Social Inclusion of Roma" (PDF). European Commission . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
- 1 2 "Gli "invisibili" chiamati Caminanti di Noto: ultimi eredi della cultura nomade in Sicilia". Balarm.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.