Canadian diamonds

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Aerial view of Ekati Diamond Mine, Canada's first diamond mine located in the Northwest Territories (2010) Ekati mine 640px.jpg
Aerial view of Ekati Diamond Mine, Canada's first diamond mine located in the Northwest Territories (2010)

Canadian diamonds are diamonds which have been mined in any one of the provinces and territories of Canada. Diamond-rich areas were not commercially extracted in Canada until the early 1990s. [1] For the first 60 years of the 20th century, diamonds originated from kimberlite pipes and alluvial deposits in places such as Africa and some from South America. Later, diamond discoveries were made in the Soviet Union (now Russia). [2] Since the 1990s, major diamond discoveries were made and mining operations began.

Contents

Canadian diamonds play a large role in the world market. [2] In 2019, Canadian mines produced 18.6 million carats of diamonds, valued at $2.25 billion. [3] As of 2019, Canada is currently the world's third largest producer of diamonds by both value and volume. [3] Russia, Botswana, Canada, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Australia together produce over 80% of the world's diamonds. [4]

History of mining

The Northwest Territories (NWT) has had a long history with resource extraction, from the fur trade to the Klondike gold rush and mineral production. [2] It was not until 1991 that diamonds were officially discovered by non-indigenous people, specifically, by two geologists named Chuck Fipke and Stewart Blusson. [5] This discovery lead to the first diamond mine in the NWT in 1998, a mine called Ekati that was initially operated by BHP Billiton. In 2003, Rio Tinto's Diavik Diamond Mine went into commercial production. Later, DeBeers opened the Snap Lake mine which operated from 2008 to 2016. The three mines had a significant impact on both the regional economy and local Indigenous populace, with approximately 28% of the NWT's Indigenous community employed there. [5]

During the 19th century, approximately 200 small diamonds had been found across the United States, mostly in Brown and Morgan counties in Indiana. In January 1906, George F. Kunz speculated that these diamonds were glacial erratics that had been transported from an unknown site in Canada. [6]

Chuck Fipke and Stewart Blusson are credited with the discovery of the first diamond mines found in Canada in the mid-1990s. [7] The first diamond-rich area they discovered was in Point Lake. Unfortunately, it was determined this area was not economically viable for further development. However, its discovery resulted in one of the largest diamond-staking rushes in mining history. This massive search resulted in the discovery of the Ekati Diamond Mine which is home to 156 kimberlite pipes. Fipke and Blusson still share a 20% ownership stake in the mine, and since beginning operations in 1998 Ekati has produced over 40 million carats of diamonds. The discovery and later success of this diamond mine caught the attention of other major mining operations, and more massive mines were opened and fully operational within 10 years. [6]

Current mines

Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine

The Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine Project is a Canadian diamond mine located near Kennady Lake, 280 km northeast of Yellowknife, on federal land. The mine is held by the Gahcho Kue Joint Venture (De Beers 51%, Mountain Province Diamonds Inc. 44.1% and Camphor Ventures 4.9%). [8] Officially opened September 20, 2016, Gahcho is one of the richest diamond mines in Canada with a life expectancy of 12 years and a plan to produce over 50 million carats of diamonds. [8] The mine consists of five kimberlites called Tuzo, Hearne, Tesla, Wilson and 5034. All five are only accessible by helicopter or plane. The Tuzo kimberlite is the deepest part of the mine, abundant in Tuffisitic Kimberlie Breccia. [9] The Hearne kimberlite is the transitional part of the mine, which also dominates in Tuffisitic Kimberlie Breccia. [9] The Wilson kimberlite is located roughly 200 meters east of the Tuzo kimberlite, while the Tesla kimberlite is about a kilometre northwest of the Tuzo kimberlite. The Wilson and Tesla kimberlites contain both tuffisitic and hypabyssal kimberlite. [10] Lastly, the 5034 kimberlite is located directly under Kennady Lake, which was also the first kimberlite to be discovered at Gahcho and dominates in Hypabyssal Kimberlite. All five kimberlites have a life expectancy until 2028. [9] A sixth kimberlite, called Curie, was thought to have been discovered in 2018 however this is believed to be connected to the nearby Dunn Sheet so is not thought to be a distinct discovery. [10]

Diavik Mine

Diavik Diamond Mine, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada (2006). Diavik Diamond Mine.jpg
Diavik Diamond Mine, located in the Northwest Territories, Canada (2006).

The Diavik Diamond Mine is a diamond mine in Lac de Gras, Slave Craton, located about 300 km northeast of Yellowknife.[ citation needed ] Canada's second mine, first opened in January 2003, is one of the largest open pit diamond mines in the world (according to production) and currently produces around 8 million carats annually.[ citation needed ] The mine is currently in a transitional shift from open pit mining to underground mining. [11] The mine is a joint venture with Aber Resources Ltd., owning 60%, and Kennecott Canada, owning 40%. Diavik Mine is only accessible by aircraft or temporary “ice roads” during the winter season.[ citation needed ] Diavik Diamond Mine has four kimberlites on site, called A154 South, A154 North, A418 and A21, where all four kimberlites are located beneath shallow waters. Both A154 South and A154 North are mined by open pit methods which will develop into A418 and A21 kimberlites.[ citation needed ] Both A418 and A21 are mined underground. These kimberlites are projected to have a life expectancy of until 2025. [12]

Ekati Mine

The Ekati Diamond Mine is Canada's first underground diamond operation, located in the Lac de Gras, around 300 km from Yellowknife. Exploration first started in 1981 but officially opened in October 1998. Since the opening until 2017, the mine produced around 67.8 million carats of diamond and is still in production. [13] The mine is owned by Dominion Diamond Mines which first started with six kimberlites, called Beartooth, Fox, Koala, Koala North, Misery, and Panda. There are currently three underground kimberlites (Koala, Koala North, and Panda) and the rest are mined by surface mining. As of 2018, the current pipes which are mined are called Lynx, Pigeon, and Stable, all of which are open pit and Koala remains the only current underground mining. Ekati plans to mine in various pipes until 2042, however there is ongoing exploration and projects associated with the closing date of the mine. [13]

Renard Mine

Renard Diamond Mine is Quebec's first and only diamond mine fully owned by Stornoway, located approximately 250 km north of Chibougamau, Quebec. The mine was first opened in July 2014 and expects to produce around 1.6 million carats of diamond each year, with a mining life of 14 years, ending in 2028. [14] There are currently nine pipes operating at Renard Mine with both open pit and underground mining. Renard Mine does not use chemical in extraction processes nor does it generate acid or metal leachates during processing, decreasing their impact during environmental assessment and the subsequent reclamation project once mining operations are over. [14]

Snap Lake Mine

Snap Lake Diamond Mine was Canada's first underground diamond mine, located approximately 220 km northeast of Yellowknife, NWT. The mine was owned by De Beers and was their first mine outside of Africa. The mine was only assessable by helicopter, plane and “ice roads” during the winter seasons. The mine first opened in 2008 and produced 1.2 million carats of diamonds. In 2015, De Beers announced closure of the mine due to the decrease in diamond pricing and water issues at the mine. [15]

Victor Mine

Victor Diamond Mine is an open pit diamond mine located in the James Bay Lowlands, approximately 90 km west of Attawapiskat First Nation, Ontario. Victor Mine is Ontario's first diamond mine, which opened in July 2008, owned by De Beers. The mine has produced 7 million carats until its closure, announced early 2019. Environmental monitoring is expected to take around five years with a reclamation plan after the environmental monitoring phase. [16]

Jericho Mine

Jericho Diamond mine is located 420 km northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and was Nunavut’s first and only diamond mine. The kimberlite was first discovered in 1994 but was not operated until 2006. Operated by Tahera Diamond Corporation, Jericho produced 780,000 carats but closed in 2008 due to bankruptcy. The mine is currently dormant and has yet to be purchased for further production of diamonds. [17]

Star-Orion Mine

Star-Orion South Diamond Project is located approximately 60 km east of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. The project was approved under the Environmental Assessment Act and is fully owned by Star diamond, starting bulk sampling in 2018. The mine plans to have road access all year, and estimates to produce 66 million carats diamonds during the project, which plans to last 38 years. [18]

Environmental assessment

In Canada, there are currently two different systems which assess the impact of diamond mines. These systems are used as a framework to look at its sustainable development. The first approach is called the triple bottom line (TBL) approach. [19] The TBL approach considers the environmental, economic, and societal impacts of diamond mining. This approach has the benefits of receiving legal attention, unlike the Five Capital (5 CAPS) approach. [19] The 5 CAPS approach includes the natural financial and manufactured capital with humans’ skills and social capital. One of the benefits of using the 5 CAPS approach is that it can be used to compare it to different countries sustainability. [19]

Environmental impacts

Wildlife impacts

Barren ground caribou grazing in autumn. Barren ground caribou grazing with autumn foliage in background.jpg
Barren ground caribou grazing in autumn.

There are major concerns and threats to local wildlife associated with diamond mining. One of the most important mammals in the NWT is the Barren-ground caribou, which are heavily impacted during the construction phases of mining. [20] Caribous play a central role in local Indigenous culture and account for half of their meat intake. The process of clearing the land for extraction result in habitat fragmentation, disruption of wildlife corridors, contaminated drinking water, and collisions from vehicles. [20] Due to the high death-rate of the caribous during mining practices, there is ongoing research into their protection. [21] Management of the caribous include groups such as co-management partners, Indigenous governments and organizations, renewable resource boards and communities. [21]

Another important mammal in the NWT is the grizzly bear. These bears are currently low in population and their reproduction rate is declining. Attention to the status of grizzly bears started in 1995, where their behaviour, habits, and lifestyle were studied. [20] [22] Bear habitat loss due to mining infrastructure is low but a central cause of grizzly death is the attraction of food waste from mines. Practices in reducing food waste and scraps around the mine can potentially reduce grizzly population decline. [22]

Lake health

One of the biggest threats to lake health occurs once mining operations are over. Calcium (Ca) is a by-product of mining, which can modify lake chemistry when present in mining runoff, specifically its pH. [23] Ekati Mine experienced a change in water chemistry where calcium concentrations increased from 1 mg/L to 30 mg/L. The increase in calcium results in an increase of pH from 7 to 8. [23] Changes in pH can have negative impacts on ecosystem diversity.

Post-mining activities cause the runoff of many toxic chemicals in near streams and rivers. Harsh chemicals found in aquatic lake environments can impact aquatic producers (phytoplankton) and primary consumers (zooplankton). [23] The health of species found at the bottom of the food chain determine the health and population of species found at the top of the food chain. The process of the decline of larger species from producers is called the bottom-up approach, where species at the bottom of the food chain determine the overall health of the lake. [23] This cascading defect was seen at Ekati Diamond Mine, where lakes near the mine had a decrease in phytoplankton (producers) and zooplankton (primary consumers) where is caused the decrease of larger fish. [23]

Management of diamonds

Diamonds in Canada are managed through a combination of government regulation, industry standards, and corporate responsibility initiatives. Canada has become a significant player in the global diamond industry, primarily due to its diamond mines in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut regions. The management of diamonds in Canada involves several key aspects:

Mining Regulations: The Canadian government has established strict regulations and environmental standards for diamond mining operations. These regulations cover various aspects, including environmental impact assessments, land reclamation, waste management, and workplace safety.

Licensing and Royalties: Diamond mining companies in Canada are required to obtain licenses and permits to operate. These licenses outline specific terms and conditions for mining activities. Additionally, the government collects royalties from diamond mining operations, which contribute to the country's revenue.

Environmental Stewardship: Canadian diamond mines are committed to minimizing their environmental impact. They employ various measures to ensure responsible mining practices, including land reclamation plans, water management strategies, and biodiversity conservation initiatives. The goal is to mitigate any negative effects on the ecosystem and surrounding communities.

Indigenous Engagement: Many diamond mining projects in Canada are located on traditional Indigenous lands. The government and mining companies have established agreements and protocols to engage and consult with Indigenous communities. These agreements aim to ensure Indigenous participation, benefit sharing, and respect for cultural heritage.

Certification and Tracking: Canada adheres to the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), an international initiative to prevent the trade of conflict diamonds. The KPCS sets standards for the certification and tracking of rough diamonds, ensuring they are sourced from legitimate, conflict-free origins.

Industry Standards: The Canadian diamond industry, along with government oversight, follows industry standards for grading, cutting, and polishing diamonds. These standards help maintain the quality and integrity of Canadian diamonds, ensuring their value in the global market.

It's important to note that specific management practices may vary among diamond mines and companies in Canada. However, the overall approach focuses on responsible mining, environmental protection, community engagement, and adherence to international standards.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Territories</span> Territory of Canada

The Northwest Territories is a federal territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,127,711.92 km2 (435,412.01 sq mi) and a 2021 census population of 41,070, it is the second-largest and the most populous of the three territories in Northern Canada. Its estimated population as of the second quarter of 2024 is 44,920. Yellowknife is the capital, most populous community, and only city in the territory; its population was 20,340 as of the 2021 census. It became the territorial capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellowknife</span> Capital city of the Northwest Territories, Canada

Yellowknife is the capital, largest community, and only city in the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is on the northern shore of Great Slave Lake, about 400 km (250 mi) south of the Arctic Circle, on the west side of Yellowknife Bay near the outlet of the Yellowknife River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tłı̨chǫ</span> First Nations people in Canada

The Tłı̨chǫ people, sometimes spelled Tlicho and also known as the Dogrib, are a Dene First Nations people of the Athabaskan-speaking ethnolinguistic group living in the Northwest Territories of Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argyle diamond mine</span> Former diamond mine in Western Australia

The Argyle Diamond Mine was a diamond mine located in the East Kimberley region in the remote north of Western Australia. Argyle was at times the largest diamond producer in the world by volume, although the proportion of gem-quality diamonds was low. It was the only known significant source of pink and red diamonds, and additionally provided a large proportion of other naturally coloured diamonds, including champagne, cognac and rare blue diamonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ekati Diamond Mine</span> Mine near Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada

The Ekati Diamond Mine, often simply called Ekati, is Canada's first surface and underground diamond mine and is owned by Burgundy Diamond Mines. It is located 310 km (190 mi) north-east of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, and about 200 km (120 mi) south of the Arctic Circle, near Lac de Gras. Until 2014, Ekati was a joint venture between Dominion Diamond Mines (80%), Chuck Fipke, and Stewart Blusson, the two geologists who discovered kimberlite pipes north of Lac de Gras. Fipke and Blusson each held 10% stake in the mine, until Fipke sold his share to Dominion. In 2021, Arctic Canadian Diamond Company Ltd. acquired the Ekati Diamond Mine with associated assets and liabilities from Dominion Diamond Mines. In July 2023, Burgundy Diamond Mines purchased full control of Arctic Canadian Diamond Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diavik Diamond Mine</span> Mine in Northwest Territories, Canada

The Diavik Diamond Mine is a diamond mine in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, about 300 km (190 mi) northeast of Yellowknife.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lac de Gras</span> Lake in Northwest Territories, Canada

Lac de Gras is a lake approximately 300 kilometres (190 mi) north east of Yellowknife, in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Lac de Gras was the centre of the diamond rush of the 1990s. There are two working, and one closed, diamond mines in the area, Diavik Diamond Mine, Ekati Diamond Mine, and the care and maintenance Snap Lake Diamond Mine. It was called Ekati by aboriginal peoples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jericho Diamond Mine</span> Diamond mine in Canada

The Jericho Diamond Mine is a dormant diamond mine located in Canada's Nunavut territory. Jericho is Nunavut’s first and only diamond mine. It is located 420 km (260 mi) northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories and is accessible by air all year and by winter road from Yellowknife. The project was mined from 2006 to 2008, and produced 780,000 carats of diamonds from 1,200,000 tonnes of kimberlite mined from the open pit operation. Over $200 million was invested in the development of the Jericho operations including the construction of a 2,000 t per day diamond recovery plant, maintenance facility, fuel farm, and offices and accommodation for 225 personnel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diamond rush</span> New diamond discovery triggering an onrush of miners seeking their fortune

A diamond rush is a period of feverish migration of workers to an area where diamonds were newly discovered. Major diamond rushes took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in South Africa and South-West Africa.

Stewart Lynn "Stu" Blusson, is a Canadian businessman, geologist, investor, philanthropist, and prospector. He co-discovered the billion-dollar Ekati Diamond Mine, 300 kilometres from Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. He serves as President of Archon Minerals Ltd. In 2002, Blusson donated key start-up funds necessary for Quest University Canada in Squamish, British Columbia. In 2006, Blusson donated $10 million for the Archon X PRIZE to develop a quick and inexpensive way to sequence the human genome. Blusson had a net worth of $660 million CDN in 2006.

The Gahcho Kué Diamond Mine is located on the Canadian tundra in the Northwest Territories. It is situated at Kennady Lake, in the Akaitcho Treaty 8 Territory claim block, which is 85 km (53 mi) southeast of the Snap Lake Diamond Mine and approximately 280 km (170 mi) east northeast of Yellowknife. The site is served by Gahcho Kue Aerodrome, which has both an ice runway in winter and a year-round gravel runway, and a spur of the Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road from Lupin Mine. the main camp is at 63°26′05″N109°12′02″W, north of the ice strip, with a smaller site at 63°25′48″N109°12′00″W, south of the runway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Snap Lake Diamond Mine</span> Diamond mine in the Northwest Territories of Canada operated by De Beers from 2008-2015

Snap Lake Mine was a remote fly-in/fly-out operation located about 220 km (140 mi) northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, and, according to De Beers, was the first De Beers mine outside of Africa. It was also Canada's first completely underground diamond mine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road</span> Highway in the Northwest Territories

Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road is an annual ice road first built in 1982 to service mines and exploration activities in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in Northern Canada. Between 400 and 600 km long, the road is said to be the world's longest heavy haul ice road and operates for eight to ten weeks starting in the last week of January. Most of the road (85%–87%) is built over frozen lakes, 495 km (308 mi), with the remaining 73 km (45 mi) built on over 64 land portages between lakes.

The Gahcho Kué kimberlite pipes is a cluster of Cambrian kimberlite diatremes located 280 km (174 mi) northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. It consists of five pipes: 5034, Hearne, Wilson, Tuzo and Tesla.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lac de Gras kimberlite field</span> Geologic region in Northwest Territories, Canada

The Lac de Gras kimberlite field is a group of Late Cretaceous to Eocene age diatremes in the Northwest Territories, Canada.

This timeline of Yellowknife history summarises key events in the history of Yellowknife, a city in the Northwest Territories, Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hugo Dummett</span>

Hugo T. Dummett (1940–2002) was a South African mineral-exploration geologist who is best known for his role in the discovery of the Ekati Diamond Mine in the Barren Lands of Canada's Northwest Territories. Dummett has been described as "the brains, the ideas and the energy" behind the discovery of Ekati, which led to the creation of a new Canadian diamond-mining industry.

The Bathurst Inlet Port and Road Project is a plan to build an all-weather road from Bathurst Inlet in Nunavut to a complex of mines that are approximately equidistant between Bathurst Inlet and Yellowknife, NWT. There are no paved roads between Yellowknife and the mines, so they have relied on shipping supplies to the mines over winter-time ice roads. However, in 2005, there was a particularly warm winter, and the ice roads weren't safe for a long enough period to bring in supplies.

References

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  4. ↑ Canada, Natural Resources (2018-01-22). "Diamond facts". www.nrcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
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  6. 1 2 "Canada May Have Gems". New York Daily Tribune. 65 (21604): 16. Jan 9, 1906. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
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  12. ↑ Klein-Bendavid, Ofra; Izraeli, Elad S.; Hauri, Erik; Navon, Oded (February 2007). "Fluid inclusions in diamonds from the Diavik mine, Canada and the evolution of diamond-forming fluids". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 71 (3): 723–744. Bibcode:2007GeCoA..71..723K. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.10.008.
  13. 1 2 Diamond Mine(Tm), EKA. T. I.; Dyck, Canada D. R.; Oshust, P. A.; Carlson, J. A.; Nowicki, T. E.; Mullins, M. P. (September 2004). "Effective resource estimates for primary diamond deposits from the EKATI Diamond Mine™, Canada". Lithos. 76 (1–4): 317–335. Bibcode:2004Litho..76..317D. doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2004.03.045.
  14. 1 2 Muntener, Colleen; Gaudet, Matthew (2018-12-01). "Geology of the Renard 2 pipe to 1000 m depth, Renard Mine, Québec, Canada: insights into Kimberley-type pyroclastic kimberlite emplacement". Mineralogy and Petrology. 112 (2): 421–432. Bibcode:2018MinPe.112..421M. doi:10.1007/s00710-018-0614-7. ISSN   1438-1168. S2CID   134507801.
  15. ↑ S. Cairns, B. Elliott, H. Falck, and L. Powell (2017). "2016 Northwest Territories Mineral Exploration Overview: Updated February, 2017". Northwest Territories Geological Survey.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Thomas Stachel1, Anetta Banas2, Sonja Aulbach1, 3, Karen V. Smit1, 4, Pamela Wescott, Ingrid Chinn, David Fisher and Julie Kong (2017). "The Victor Diamond Mine (Superior Craton, Canada) – A new paradigm for exploration in unconventional settings". International Kimberlite Conference.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ "Shear Diamonds Updates Financial and Operational Status; Continues to…". archive.is. 2013-04-21. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2019-04-08.
  18. ↑ "Star Diamond Corp. - Project Highlights". www.stardiamondcorp.com. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  19. 1 2 3 Tolvanen, Anne; Eilu, Pasi; Juutinen, Artti; Kangas, Katja; Kivinen, Mari; Markovaara-Koivisto, Mira; Naskali, Arto; Salokannel, Veera; Tuulentie, Seija; Similä, Jukka (March 2019). "Mining in the Arctic environment – A review from ecological, socioeconomic and legal perspectives". Journal of Environmental Management. 233: 832–844. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.124. PMID   30600123. S2CID   58551423.
  20. 1 2 3 Couch, Dr William J. (2002-12-01). "Strategic resolution of policy, environmental and socio-economic impacts in Canadian Arctic diamond mining: BHP's NWT diamond project". Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 20 (4): 265–278. doi: 10.3152/147154602781766564 . ISSN   1461-5517.
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  23. 1 2 3 4 5 St-Gelais, Nicolas F.; Jokela, Anneli; Beisner, Beatrix E. (January 2018). "Limited functional responses of plankton food webs in northern lakes following diamond mining". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 75 (1): 26–35. doi:10.1139/cjfas-2016-0418. hdl: 1807/78478 . ISSN   0706-652X.
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