Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli was a German general and statesman who served as the chancellor of the German Empire from March 1890 to October 1894. Caprivi promoted industrial and commercial development, and concluded numerous bilateral treaties for reduction of tariff barriers. However, this movement toward free trade angered the conservative agrarian interests, especially the Junkers. He promised educational reforms to the Catholic Center party which would increase their influence, but failed to deliver. As part of Kaiser Wilhelm's "new course" in foreign policy, Caprivi abandoned Bismarck's military, economic, and ideological cooperation with the Russian Empire, which historians consider a major mistake. Even worse, Caprivi misjudged multiple opportunities to open good relations with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Frustrated, Britain turned to the Empire of Japan and the French Third Republic for agreements. Caprivi's downfall came with trade agreements that favored German industry and urban workers over more powerful agricultural interests. Historians praise his refusal to renew the harsh restrictions on socialists, and his success in the reorganization of the German military.
The North German Confederation was initially a German military alliance established in August 1866 under the leadership of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was transformed in the subsequent year into a confederated state that existed from July 1867 to December 1870. A milestone of the German Unification, it was the earliest continual legal predecessor of the modern German nation-state known today as the Federal Republic of Germany.
Botho Wendt August Graf zu Eulenburg was a Prussian statesman.
The German Conservative Party was a right-wing political party of the German Empire founded in 1876. It largely represented the wealthy landowning German nobility and the Prussian Junker class.
The German Progress Party was the first modern political party in Germany, founded by liberal members of the Prussian House of Representatives in 1861 in opposition to Minister President Otto von Bismarck.
The German Free-minded Party or German Radical Party was a short-lived liberal party in the German Empire, founded on 5 March 1884 as a result of the merger of the German Progress Party and the Liberal Union, an 1880 split-off of the National Liberal Party.
Ludwig Friedrich Victor Hans Graf von Bülow was a Westphalian and Prussian statesman.
Julius Freiherr von Soden was a German colonial administrator and politician. He was the Governor of the colonies of Kamerun and German East Africa, and later became Chef de Cabinet and Foreign Minister of the King of Württemberg.
Most German chancellors have been followers of a Christian church. German society has been affected by a Catholic-Protestant divide since the Protestant Reformation, and the same effect is visible in this list of German chancellors. It is largely dominated by Catholics and Protestants as these remain the main confessions in the country.
Adolf Hermann Wilhelm Hagen was a public official in Prussia. He was also a banker and a liberal politician.
Knut Otto Christian Hans Konstantin Hubertus von Kühlmann-Stumm, was a German politician for the Free Democratic Party who owned Ramholz Castle.
Carl Ferdinand, Freiherr von Stumm-Halberg was a Prussian mining industrialist and Free Conservative politician. As a Privy Councilor of Commerce, baron, member of the Prussian House of Representatives, member of the Reichstag and founding chairman of the German Reich Party, he was one of the most influential men in Prussia and one of the richest people in the German Empire.
Hans Otto Theodor von Bülow was a German diplomat.
Robert Heinrich Ludwig, Graf von der Goltz was a German diplomat and politician in Prussia.
Albert Alexander, Graf von Pourtalès, was a Prussian diplomat and leading representative of the Wochenblatt Party.
The Arnim-Boitzenburg Cabinet formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by King Frederick William IV from March 18 to 29, 1848. The office of Prussian Prime Minister was newly created. The establishment of this liberal-conservative government was the King's attempt to meet the challenges of the March Revolution through slight reforms, which failed after just eleven days.
The Brandenburg Cabinet formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by King Frederick William IV from November 8, 1848, to November 6, 1850. With this cabinet, Frederick William IV appointed a clear conservative, anti-revolutionary government. The Prussian National Assembly was initially moved to Brandenburg an der Havel and dissolved on December 5, 1848. The King then imposed a constitution on his own authority. The assumption of office of this cabinet marks the beginning of the "New Era" in Prussia.
The Hohenzollern Cabinet formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by Prince Regent Wilhelm I from November 6, 1858, to March 11, 1862. The transfer of government duties to William I by the ill King Frederick William IV resulted in a change of political course. The newly installed government consisted of liberal-conservative representatives of the Wochenblatt Party. The term in office is referred to as the "New Era", in which, in a certain departure from the reactionary era, public life was liberalized and the government cooperated more closely with the liberal chamber majority. However, the de facto head of the cabinet was not the Prime Minister, but the liberal former Prime Minister of 1848, Rudolf von Auerswald. As a minister without a portfolio, he was de facto deputy to the Prime Minister. In the spring of 1862, the Army reform escalated the Prussian constitutional conflict with the liberal chamber majority over the state parliament's co-determination in military affairs and fundamentally over the of Prussia, which led to the government's resignation and the end of the New Era.
The Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Cabinet formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by King William I from March 11 to September 23, 1862. After the previous government failed due to the Prussian constitutional conflict with the liberal chamber majority over the state parliament's participation in military affairs and, in principle, the parliamentarization of Prussia, William I installed a more conservative government that tried to agree on a compromise solution with the parliamentary majority, which, however, did not succeed. One week after Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen took office, the cabinet was fundamentally reorganized. The leading head of the cabinet was not the Prime Minister, but Finance Minister August von der Heydt.
The Bismarck-Roon Cabinet formed the Prussian State Ministry appointed by King William I, and his successors Frederick III, and William II, from September 23, 1862, to March 30, 1890.
