Carmen figuratum

"Zdravljica", the poem by the Slovene poet France Prešeren, is a carmen figuratum in which each stanza has the shape of a wine cup.

Carmen figuratum (plural: carmina figurata "shaped poems") is a poem that has a certain shape or pattern formed either by some or all the words it contains. ^[1] As a form of visual poetry, carmina figurata are similar to the calligram, notably the Calligrammes by Guillaume Apollinaire. Like calligraphy and typography, carmina figurata occupy a liminal space between graphic design and visual art. An example is France Prešeren's "Zdravljica", where the shape of each stanza resembles a wine goblet.

Origin of the term

The term derives from the carmina figurata of Renaissance texts^{[ citation needed ]} – works in which a sacred image was picked out in red letters against a field of black type so that a holy figure could be seen and meditated on during the process of reading.^{[ citation needed ]}Carmina figurata spread in the Carolingian period to spread the use and study of Latin.^{[ citation needed ]}

Examples

Latin poetry

• Rabanus Maurus' De laudibus sanctae crucis ("On the Praises of the Holy Cross") or In honorem sanctae crucis("In the Honor of the Holy Cross), a medieval collection of metrical Latin poetry from the Carolingian period that use a crossword puzzle-like grid in manuscripts to visually represent Cruciform imagery in a variety of colorful compositions that range in complexity from poems shaped into basic visual patterns, such as numbers and single words with Christian symbolism, to full-figure representations, including a Crucifix, a portrait of Louis the Pious, and Rabanus' own self-portrait. ^[2]

Selected carmina figurata by Rabanus Maurus

Portrait of patron	Self-portrait of artist	Carolingian Cross
Contemporary depiction of Louis the Pious from 826 as a miles Christi (soldier of Christ), with a poem of Rabanus Maurus overlaid. Part of De laudibus Sanctae Crucis, a larger collection of cruciform carmina figurata (pattern poetry) by Rabanus Maurus, 9th-century manuscript at the Vatican Library: Vat. Reg.lat.124, f. 4v. https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Reg.lat.124/0012	Self-portrait of Abbot Rabanus Maurus of Fulda, 11th century manuscript of his Liber de laudibus Sanctae Crucis, Bern, Burgerbibliothek Cod. 9, f. 24v. https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/list/one/bbb/0009	Carmen figuratum depicting a Carolingian cross in an 11th century manuscript of Rabanus Maurus' Liber de laudibus Sanctae Crucis, Bern, Burgerbibliothek, Codex 9, folio 2 verso

Poetry in other languages

• France Prešeren's "Zdravljica", written in Slovenian.

See also

• Altar poem – A poem in which the lines are arranged to look like the form of an altar
• Calligram – Written work arranged in a way that creates a visual image
• Concrete poetry – Genre of poetry with lines arranged as a shape
• Haptic poetry – A liminal art form combining characteristics of typography and sculpture to create objects not only to be seen, but to be touched and manipulated
• Visual poetry – Poetry style that incorporates graphic and visual design elements

References

1. Quinn, William A. (1984). ""The Windhover" as "Carmen Figuratum"". The Hopkins Quarterly. 10 (4): 127–143. ISSN   0094-9086. JSTOR   45240977.
2. Perrin, Michel Jean-Louis (2013). "Wilhelmy, Winfried, Kotzur, Hans-Jürgen, Rabanus Maurus. Auf den Spuren eines karolingischen Gelehrten". Revue de l’Institut français d’histoire en Allemagne . doi:10.4000/ifha.727. A new publication, occasioned by the 1150th anniversary of his death and the display in Mainz of the famous Vatican manuscript Reginensis latinus 124, contains many full-color illustrations of some of the poems, as well as textual and visual explanations. Hans-Jürgen Kotzur, Rabanus Maurus: Auf den Spuren eines karolingischen Gelehrten. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 2006. Images of these poems (copied from the Vatican manuscript) can also be found at https://www.ecriture-art.com/raban.html {{cite journal}}: External link in |quote= (help)