| Central Mexican wetlands | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Neotropical |
| Biome | flooded grasslands and savannas |
| Geography | |
| Area | 260 km2 (100 sq mi) |
| Country | Mexico |
| States | |
| Conservation | |
| Conservation status | Critical/endangered [1] |
| Protected | 100% |
The Central Mexican wetlands is a flooded grasslands and savannas ecoregion in central Mexico.
The Central Mexican wetlands include of several wetland areas where the southern Central Mexican Plateau meets Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, an east–west range of volcanic and folded mountains in central Mexico. [ citation needed ]It consists of several distinct wetland areas:
Lakes Pátzcuaro and Cuitzeo have in the past been connected to the Lerma River system. [1]
The climate is temperate, with rainfall occurring mostly in the summer. The lower portions of the ecoregion are subhumid, becoming humid at higher elevations in the south. [1]
The natural vegetation is dense reeds and cattails over two meters tall. Dominant wetland plants include species of Typha, Scirpus, Heleocharis , and Cyperus . Aquatic plants in the lakes and channels include Potamogeton illinoensis, Scirpus pectinatus , tule ( Typha latifolia ), cattail ( Typha domingensis ), and Nymphaea mexicana . [1] The willow Salix bonplandiana , known as ahuejote, is a characteristic wetland tree. [4]
The surrounding terrestrial vegetation consists of mostly of xeric scrub – the Bajío dry forests around Lake Cuitzeo, and the Central Mexican matorral in the Valley of Toluca and Valley and Mexico – and pine and oak forests intertwined with xeric scrub around Lake Pátzcuaro. [1]
The ecoregion is important habitat for birds. About 200 species are found in the wetlands, including resident and migratory land birds and waterbirds. [1] The black-polled yellowthroat (Geothlypis speciosa) is endemic. Two other endemic species are likely extinct; the yellow rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) has not been seen since 1964, and the slender-billed grackle (Quiscalus palustris) has not been seen since the early 20th century. The ecoregion corresponds to the Central Mexican marshes endemic bird area. [5]
The Lake Pátzcuaro salamander (Ambystoma dumerilii) is endemic to Lake Patzcuaro, [1] and the axolotl salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum) is endemic to Valley of Mexico's wetlands.
The wetlands support aquatic life. Some commercially-important fish depend on wetlands at one or more of their life stages. Native fish species of the wetlands include the hooded sawfin ( Skiffia lermae ), Alloophorus robustus, Goodea atripinnis, Neophorus diazi , and ‘pescado blanco’ ( Chirostoma estor ). [1]
The wetlands have been greatly reduced in extent, and the remaining wetlands face numerous threats. Mexico City expanded over most of the former wetland areas in the Valley of Mexico. Water diversion from the upper Lerma River to serve Mexico City and Toluca has reduced freshwater flows into the Ciénegas de Lerma. Evaporation currently exceeds inflows into the closed basin lakes, causing them to recede. Water pollution and siltation also threaten the marshes. [1]
The Ciénegas del Lerma was designated a flora and fauna protection area in 2002, and a Ramsar site (wetland of international importance) in 2004. [2] 707 hectares of wetland at the southeastern end of Lake Pátzcuaro, known as the Humedales del Lago de Pátzcuaro, was designated a Ramsar site in 2005. [3]
Some canals and chinampas (floating gardens), remnants of former Lake Xochimilco, are preserved in Xochimilco Ecological Park and Plant Market in the Xochimilco neighborhood of Mexico City. The Xochimilco wetlands are a World Heritage Site, and 2,657 hectares were designated a Ramsar site in 2004. [4]
Lake Texcoco was a natural lake within the Anahuac or Valley of Mexico. Lake Texcoco is best known for an island situated on the western side of the lake where the Mexica built the city of Mēxihco Tenōchtitlan, which would later become the capital of the Aztec Empire. After the Spanish conquest, efforts to control flooding led to most of the lake being drained.
Cuatro Ciénegas is a city in the northern Mexican state of Coahuila. It stands at 26°59′N102°03′W, at an average elevation of 740 metres (2,430 ft) above sea level. The city serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of the same name.
Lake Xochimilco is an ancient endorheic lake, located in the present-day Borough of Xochimilco in southern Mexico City. It is the last remaining habitat of the axolotl.
Lake Chalco was an endorheic lake formerly located in the Valley of Mexico, and was important for Mesoamerican cultural development in central Mexico. The lake was named after the ancient city of Chalco on its former eastern shore.
Lake Pátzcuaro is a lake in the municipality of Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico.
The Lake Lerma salamander is an extremely rare, occasionally neotenic mole salamander species from Mexico.
The Lerma River is Mexico's second longest river.
Lake Cuitzeo is a lake in the central part of Mexico, in the state of Michoacán. It has an area of 300–400 km2 (120–150 sq mi). The lake is astatic, meaning the volume and level of water in the lake fluctuates frequently. It is the second-largest freshwater lake in Mexico.
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The Ciénegas del Lerma is a wetland in central Mexico. It consists of three lakes in the Toluca Valley, the upper basin of the Lerma River, near the city of Toluca. The wetlands cover 3,023 hectares.
Sacramento–San Joaquin is a freshwater ecoregion in California. It includes the Sacramento and San Joaquin river systems of California's Central Valley, which converge in the inland Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta. It also includes the mostly-closed Tulare Lake basin in the southern Central Valley, the rivers and streams that empty into San Francisco Bay, and the Pajaro and Salinas river systems of Central California which empty into Monterey Bay.
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