Santander is a department of Colombia. Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the United States of Colombia. It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the Magdalena River to the east, Boyacá to the south and southeast, the Norte de Santander Department to the northeast, the Cesar Department to the north, the Bolivar and Antioquia Departments to the west. Its capital is the city of Bucaramanga.
Bucaramanga is the capital and largest city of the department of Santander, Colombia. Bucaramanga has the fifth-largest economy by GDP in Colombia, has the lowest unemployment rate and is the ninth most populous city in the country, with a population of 613,400. Bucaramanga has over 160 parks scattered throughout the city and has been given the nickname "La Ciudad de Los Parques" and "La Ciudad Bonita de Colombia".
Trichomycterus is a genus of fish in the family Trichomycteridae, the largest genus of its family with over 170 species currently described. This genus is native to freshwater habitats in Central and South America. These fish are generally small, usually about 5 to 15 cm (2–6 in) in standard length, although the largest, T. rivulatus, can reach more than twice this size. Species differ from one another primarily in body proportions, fin ray counts and colouration. Despite their relatively small size, some, such as T. punctulatus, support fisheries and are important in the local cuisine.
Astroblepus is a genus of fish in the family Astroblepidae found in South America and Panama. This genus is the only member of its family. These catfishes are primarily found in torrential streams in the Andean area. Astroblepus pholeter and A. riberae are troglobites adapted to living in subterranean water systems. These species are typically small, less than 10 cm (4 in). The largest species reaches 30 cm (1 ft). These fish have suckermouths like those of loricariids. They have two pairs of barbels, maxillary and nasal. The dorsal fin spine lacks a locking mechanism. These fish also have odontodes, tiny teeth on their skin. All species exhibit a conical, pointy type on their fin rays like that found in other loricarioids; other species also exhibit a blunt type that is only found on their skin.
Floridablanca is a municipality in the department of Santander situated at an altitude of 925 metres (3,035 ft) in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes. It is part of the metropolitan area of the departmental capital Bucaramanga. Floridablanca is known for its parks and the Piedra del Sol, a large rock with spirals and circles carved by the Guane over 1,000 years ago. This city is home of the tallest statue of Jesus Christ in Colombia, "El Santisimo". The statue is 40 metres (130 ft) high and weighs 40 tonnes (88,000 lb). The city is situated along the Ruta Nacional 45A, a branch of the Pan American Highway, connecting the capital Bogotá with Santa Marta at the Caribbean coast and Cúcuta as a gateway to Venezuela. Together with other neighboring municipalities of Bucaramanga, Girón and Piedecuesta, Floridablanca is one of the growth areas for the capital of Santander with numerous constructions happening in recent years.
Zapatoca is a town and municipality in the Santander Department in northeastern Colombia. It is at a high altitude and is a common stop between Bucaramanga and San Gil. It was built in the early 17th century by the Spanish conquistadores.
Chaetostoma, also known as the bristlemouth catfish, is a genus of suckermouth armored catfishes native to South America with one species, C. fischeri, extending into Panama. Most species inhabit flowing rivers in the lower Andes and its foothills. Some species are kept in unheated aquaria.
Lebiasina is a genus of fishes found in tropical South America, where they inhabit well-oxygenated upland streams that originate in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, the Guianan Highlands in Brazil, Guyana and Venezuela, and Serra do Cachimbo in Brazil. The individual species tend to have relatively small ranges and the three species of Serra do Cachimbo, all restricted to the Curuá River basin, are considered threatened by Brazil's Ministry of the Environment.
Chaetostoma aburrensis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it is known only from Colombia.
Chaetostoma anale is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is a freshwater species native to South America, where it occurs in the Orteguaza River basin, which is part of the Japurá River drainage in Colombia. The species reaches 16 cm in total length.
Chaetostoma brevilabiatum is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Magdalena River and the Cimitarra River in Colombia. The species reaches 11.9 cm SL and is known from high-altitude environments.
Chaetostoma vagum is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Orteguaza River basin, which is part of the Japurá River drainage in Colombia. The species reaches 9.9 cm SL.
Chaetostoma thomsoni is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Magdalena River basin in Colombia. The species reaches 10.1 cm in total length. It is sometimes seen in the aquarium trade, sometimes as Chaetostoma thomasi, a name which originated as a misspelling but has become relatively widely used despite being incorrect.
Chaetostoma chimu is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Andean foothills of the Orinoco basin in Colombia. It was described in 2020 by Alexander Urbano-Bonilla and Gustavo A. Ballen on the basis of the distinctive morphology and coloration of the 119 specimens examined. FishBase does not list this species.
Chaetostoma formosae is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Meta River and the Guaviare River in the Orinoco drainage in the departments of Meta and Casanare in Colombia. The species reaches 9.7 cm SL. This species is sometimes seen in the aquarium trade, where it is known as the rubberlip pleco or referred to by its L-number, L-444.
Chaetostoma lepturum is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the San Juan River basin in Colombia. The species reaches 21.5 cm SL.
Chaetostoma leucomelas is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the basins of the Patía River and the Cauca River in Colombia. The species reaches 20 cm SL.
Chaetostoma paucispinis is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the San Juan River basin in Colombia. The species reaches 9 cm in total length.
Chaetostoma platyrhynchus is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Caquetá River basin in Colombia. The species reaches 9.5 cm in total length. The species is known to be of disputed classification and spelling.
