Chromatography detector

Last updated

A chromatography detector is a device that detects and quantifies separated compounds as they elute from the chromatographic column. These detectors are integral to various chromatographic techniques, such as gas chromatography, [1] liquid chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography, [2] and supercritical fluid chromatography [3] among others. The main function of a chromatography detector is to translate the physical or chemical properties of the analyte molecules into measurable signal, typically electrical signal, that can be displayed as a function of time in a graphical presentation, called a chromatograms. Chromatograms can provide valuable information about the composition and concentration of the components in the sample.

Contents

Detectors operate based on specific principles, including optical, electrochemical, thermal conductivity, fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and more. Each type of detector has its unique capabilities and is suitable for specific applications, depending on the nature of the analytes and the sensitivity and selectivity required for the analysis.

There are two general types of detectors: destructive and non-destructive. The destructive detectors perform continuous transformation of the column effluent (burning, evaporation or mixing with reagents) with subsequent measurement of some physical property of the resulting material (plasma, aerosol or reaction mixture). The non-destructive detectors are directly measuring some property of the column eluent (for example, ultraviolet absorption) and thus affords greater analyte recovery.

Destructive detectors

In liquid chromatography:

In gas chromatography: [9]

In all types of chromatography:

Non-destructive detectors

Non-destructive detectors in liquid chromatography: [23]

Non-destructive detectors in gas chromatography: [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-performance liquid chromatography</span> Technique in analytical chemistry

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography, is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify specific components in mixtures. The mixtures can originated from food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biological, environmental and agriculture, etc, which have been dissolved into liquid solutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gas chromatography</span> Type of chromatography

Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry</span> Analytical chemistry technique

Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that combines the physical separation capabilities of liquid chromatography with the mass analysis capabilities of mass spectrometry (MS). Coupled chromatography – MS systems are popular in chemical analysis because the individual capabilities of each technique are enhanced synergistically. While liquid chromatography separates mixtures with multiple components, mass spectrometry provides spectral information that may help to identify each separated component. MS is not only sensitive, but provides selective detection, relieving the need for complete chromatographic separation. LC–MS is also appropriate for metabolomics because of its good coverage of a wide range of chemicals. This tandem technique can be used to analyze biochemical, organic, and inorganic compounds commonly found in complex samples of environmental and biological origin. Therefore, LC–MS may be applied in a wide range of sectors including biotechnology, environment monitoring, food processing, and pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and cosmetic industries. Since the early 2000s, LC–MS has also begun to be used in clinical applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electron capture detector</span> Device for detecting atoms and molecules in a gas

An electron capture detector (ECD) is a device for detecting atoms and molecules in a gas through the attachment of electrons via electron capture ionization. The device was invented in 1957 by James Lovelock and is used in gas chromatography to detect trace amounts of chemical compounds in a sample.

Chiral column chromatography is a variant of column chromatography that is employed for the separation of chiral compounds, i.e. enantiomers, in mixtures such as racemates or related compounds. The chiral stationary phase (CSP) is made of a support, usually silica based, on which a chiral reagent or a macromolecule with numerous chiral centers is bonded or immobilized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization</span> Ionization method

Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is an ionization method used in mass spectrometry which utilizes gas-phase ion-molecule reactions at atmospheric pressure (105 Pa), commonly coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). APCI is a soft ionization method similar to chemical ionization where primary ions are produced on a solvent spray. The main usage of APCI is for polar and relatively less polar thermally stable compounds with molecular weight less than 1500 Da. The application of APCI with HPLC has gained a large popularity in trace analysis detection such as steroids, pesticides and also in pharmacology for drug metabolites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flame ionization detector</span> Type of gas detector used in gas chromatography

A flame ionization detector (FID) is a scientific instrument that measures analytes in a gas stream. It is frequently used as a detector in gas chromatography. The measurement of ion per unit time make this a mass sensitive instrument. Standalone FIDs can also be used in applications such as landfill gas monitoring, fugitive emissions monitoring and internal combustion engine emissions measurement in stationary or portable instruments.

Reversed-phase Liquid chromatography (RP-LC) is a mode of liquid chromatography in which non-polar stationary phase and polar mobile phases are used for the separation of organic comounds. The vast majority of separations and analyses using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-HPLC in recent years are done using the Reversed Phase mode. In the Reversed Phase mode, the sample components are retained in the system, the more hydrophobic they are. 

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hydrophilic interaction chromatography</span> Type of chromatography

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography is a variant of normal phase liquid chromatography that partly overlaps with other chromatographic applications such as ion chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography. HILIC uses hydrophilic stationary phases with reversed-phase type eluents. The name was suggested by Andrew Alpert in his 1990 paper on the subject. He described the chromatographic mechanism for it as liquid-liquid partition chromatography where analytes elute in order of increasing polarity, a conclusion supported by a review and re-evaluation of published data.

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a form of normal phase chromatography that uses a supercritical fluid such as carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. It is used for the analysis and purification of low to moderate molecular weight, thermally labile molecules and can also be used for the separation of chiral compounds. Principles are similar to those of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), however SFC typically utilizes carbon dioxide as the mobile phase; therefore the entire chromatographic flow path must be pressurized. Because the supercritical phase represents a state whereby bulk liquid and gas properties converge, supercritical fluid chromatography is sometimes called convergence chromatography. The idea of liquid and gas properties convergence was first envisioned by Giddings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermospray</span>

Thermospray is a soft ionization source by which a solvent flow of liquid sample passes through a very thin heated column to become a spray of fine liquid droplets. As a form of atmospheric pressure ionization in mass spectrometry these droplets are then ionized via a low-current discharge electrode to create a solvent ion plasma. A repeller then directs these charged particles through the skimmer and acceleration region to introduce the aerosolized sample to a mass spectrometer. It is particularly useful in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Sample preparation for mass spectrometry is used for the optimization of a sample for analysis in a mass spectrometer (MS). Each ionization method has certain factors that must be considered for that method to be successful, such as volume, concentration, sample phase, and composition of the analyte solution. Quite possibly the most important consideration in sample preparation is knowing what phase the sample must be in for analysis to be successful. In some cases the analyte itself must be purified before entering the ion source. In other situations, the matrix, or everything in the solution surrounding the analyte, is the most important factor to consider and adjust. Often, sample preparation itself for mass spectrometry can be avoided by coupling mass spectrometry to a chromatography method, or some other form of separation before entering the mass spectrometer. In some cases, the analyte itself must be adjusted so that analysis is possible, such as in protein mass spectrometry, where usually the protein of interest is cleaved into peptides before analysis, either by in-gel digestion or by proteolysis in solution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-dimensional chromatography</span>

Two-dimensional chromatography is a type of chromatographic technique in which the injected sample is separated by passing through two different separation stages. Two different chromatographic columns are connected in sequence, and the effluent from the first system is transferred onto the second column. Typically the second column has a different separation mechanism, so that bands that are poorly resolved from the first column may be completely separated in the second column. Alternately, the two columns might run at different temperatures. During the second stage of separation the rate at which the separation occurs must be faster than the first stage, since there is still only a single detector. The plane surface is amenable to sequential development in two directions using two different solvents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Instrumental chemistry</span> Study of analytes using scientific instruments

Instrumental analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that investigates analytes using scientific instruments.

John Calvin Giddings was a Distinguished Professor of chemistry at the University of Utah. Giddings received a B.S. degree from Brigham Young University in 1952 and a PhD from the University of Utah in 1954. Following postdoctoral work at the University of Utah and the University of Wisconsin, he joined the faculty of the University of Utah as assistant professor of chemistry in 1957. He became associate professor in 1959, research professor in 1962, and professor in 1966. Giddings authored or co-authored more than 400 publications and edited 32 books in the field of chemistry. He was executive editor of the journal Separation Science and Technology, and the editor of the series Advances in chromatography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BIA Separations</span>

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atmospheric pressure photoionization</span> Soft ionization method

Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) is a soft ionization method used in mass spectrometry (MS) usually coupled to liquid chromatography (LC). Molecules are ionized using a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source operating at atmospheric pressure, either by direct absorption followed by electron ejection or through ionization of a dopant molecule that leads to chemical ionization of target molecules. The sample is usually a solvent spray that is vaporized by nebulization and heat. The benefit of APPI is that it ionizes molecules across a broad range of polarity and is particularly useful for ionization of low polarity molecules for which other popular ionization methods such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) are less suitable. It is also less prone to ion suppression and matrix effects compared to ESI and APCI and typically has a wide linear dynamic range. The application of APPI with LC/MS is commonly used for analysis of petroleum compounds, pesticides, steroids, and drug metabolites lacking polar functional groups and is being extensively deployed for ambient ionization particularly for explosives detection in security applications.

The Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD) is a detector used in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) to measure the amount of chemicals in a sample by creating charged aerosol particles which are detected using an electrometer. It is commonly used for the analysis of compounds that cannot be detected using traditional UV/Vis approaches due to their lack of a chromophore. The CAD can measure all non-volatile and many semi-volatile analytes including, but not limited to, antibiotics, excipients, ions, lipids, natural products, biofuels, sugars and surfactants. The CAD, like other aerosol detectors, falls under the category of destructive general-purpose detectors.

An evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) is a destructive chromatography detector, used in conjunction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), Purification liquid chromatography such as flash or preparative chromatography, countercurrent or centrifugal partition chromatography and Supercritical Fluid chromatography (SFC). It is commonly used for analysis of compounds that do not absorb UV-VIS radiation significanly, such as sugars, antiviral drugs, antibiotics, fatty acids, lipids, oils, phospholipids, polymers, surfactants, terpenoids and triglycerides.

Chiral analysis refers to the quantification of component enantiomers of racemic drug substances or pharmaceutical compounds. Other synonyms commonly used include enantiomer analysis, enantiomeric analysis, and enantioselective analysis. Chiral analysis includes all analytical procedures focused on the characterization of the properties of chiral drugs. Chiral analysis is usually performed with chiral separation methods where the enantiomers are separated on an analytical scale and simultaneously assayed for each enantiomer.

References

  1. ↑ Adlard, E.R.; Juvet, R.S. (January 1975). "A Review of Detectors for Gas Chromatography Part I: Universal Detectors". C R C Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 5 (1): 03–13. doi:10.1080/10408347508542678. ISSN   0007-8980.
  2. ↑ Swartz, Michael (2010-07-13). "HPLC Detectors: A Brief Review". Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies. 33 (9–12): 1130–1150. doi:10.1080/10826076.2010.484356. ISSN   1082-6076. S2CID   39911656.
  3. ↑ West, Caroline (2018-10-01). "Current trends in supercritical fluid chromatography". Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 410 (25): 6441–6457. doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1267-4. ISSN   1618-2650. PMID   30051210. S2CID   51725022.
  4. ↑ Vehovec, Tanja; Obreza, Aleš (2010-03-05). "Review of operating principle and applications of the charged aerosol detector". Journal of Chromatography A. 1217 (10): 1549–1556. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.007. ISSN   0021-9673. PMID   20083252.
  5. ↑ Schilling, Klaus; Holzgrabe, Ulrike (2020-05-24). "Recent applications of the Charged Aerosol Detector for liquid chromatography in drug quality control". Journal of Chromatography A. 1619: 460911. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460911. ISSN   0021-9673. PMID   32007219. S2CID   211015385.
  6. ↑ Ghosh, Rajarshi; Kline, Paul (2019-05-14). "HPLC with charged aerosol detector (CAD) as a quality control platform for analysis of carbohydrate polymers". BMC Research Notes. 12 (1): 268. doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-4296-y . ISSN   1756-0500. PMC   6518655 . PMID   31088532.
  7. ↑ Dreux, M.; Lafosse, M. (1995-01-01), El Rassi, Ziad (ed.), "Chapter 13 Evaporative Light Scattering Detection of Carbohydrates in HPLC", Journal of Chromatography Library, Carbohydrate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 58, pp. 515–540, doi:10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60518-7, ISBN   9780444899811 , retrieved 2023-10-21
  8. ↑ Nayak, V. S.; Tan, Z.; Ihnat, P. M.; Russell, R. J.; Grace, M. J. (2012-01-01). "Evaporative Light Scattering Detection Based HPLC Method for the Determination of Polysorbate 80 in Therapeutic Protein Formulations". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 50 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1093/chromsci/bmr015. ISSN   0021-9665. PMC   3252124 . PMID   22291052.
  9. ↑ Scott, Raymond P. W. (1996). Chromatographic detectors: design, function, and operation. Chromatographic science series. New York, NY: Dekker. ISBN   978-0-8247-9779-9.
  10. ↑ "Gas Chromatography (GC) with Flame-Ionization Detection".
  11. ↑ Zhou, Jia; Lu, Xiaoqing; Tian, Baoxia; Wang, Chonglong; Shi, Hao; Luo, Chuping; Li, Xiangqian (2020). "A gas chromatography-flame ionization detection method for direct and rapid determination of small molecule volatile organic compounds in aqueous phase". 3 Biotech. 10 (12): 520. doi:10.1007/s13205-020-02523-8. ISSN   2190-572X. PMC   7655889 . PMID   33194524.
  12. ↑ Ševĉík, Jiří, ed. (1976-01-01), "5. The Flame Ionization Detector (FID)", Journal of Chromatography Library, Detectors In Gas Chromatography, Elsevier, vol. 4, pp. 87–104, doi:10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60433-9, ISBN   9780444998576 , retrieved 2023-10-21
  13. ↑ Ferguson, D. A.; Luke, L. A. (1979-04-01). "Critical appraisal of the flame photometric detector in petroleum analysis". Chromatographia. 12 (4): 197–203. doi:10.1007/BF02411361. ISSN   1612-1112. S2CID   97533335.
  14. ↑ Ševĉík, Jiří, ed. (1976-01-01), "9. The Flame Photometric Detector (FPD)", Journal of Chromatography Library, Detectors In Gas Chromatography, Elsevier, vol. 4, pp. 145–164, doi:10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60437-6, ISBN   9780444998576 , retrieved 2023-10-21
  15. ↑ Cheskis, Sergey.; Atar, Eitan.; Amirav, Aviv. (1993-03-01). "Pulsed-flame photometer: a novel gas chromatography detector". Analytical Chemistry. 65 (5): 539–555. doi:10.1021/ac00053a010. ISSN   0003-2700.
  16. ↑ Burgett, Charles A.; Smith, Douglas H.; Bente, H. Bryan (1977-04-01). "The nitrogen-phosphorus detector and its applications in gas chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A. 134 (1): 57–64. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(00)82569-8. ISSN   0021-9673.
  17. ↑ Wylie, P. L.; Quimby, B. D. (1989). "Applications of gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector". Journal of High Resolution Chromatography. 12 (12): 813–818. doi:10.1002/jhrc.1240121210. ISSN   0935-6304.
  18. ↑ van Stee, Leo L. P.; Brinkman, Udo A. Th.; Bagheri, Habib (2002-09-10). "Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection: a powerful technique". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 21 (9): 618–626. doi:10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00810-5. ISSN   0165-9936.
  19. ↑ Harvey, David J. (2021-01-01), Poole, Colin F. (ed.), "Mass spectrometric detectors for gas chromatography", Gas Chromatography (Second Edition), Handbooks in Separation Science, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 399–424, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820675-1.00022-8, ISBN   978-0-12-820675-1, S2CID   235010743 , retrieved 2023-10-21
  20. ↑ Cielecka-Piontek, Judyta; Zalewski, Przemysław; Jelińska, Anna; Garbacki, Piotr (2013). "UHPLC: The Greening Face of Liquid Chromatography". Chromatographia. 76 (21–22): 1429–1437. doi:10.1007/s10337-013-2434-6. ISSN   0009-5893. PMC   3825615 . PMID   24273332.
  21. ↑ Maurer, Hans H. (2013-05-31). "What is the future of (ultra) high performance liquid chromatography coupled to low and high resolution mass spectrometry for toxicological drug screening?". Journal of Chromatography A. State-of-the art of (UHP)LC--MS(--MS) techniques and their practical application. 1292: 19–24. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.069. ISSN   0021-9673. PMID   22964051.
  22. ↑ Zaikin, V. G.; Borisov, R. S. (2021-12-01). "Mass Spectrometry as a Crucial Analytical Basis for Omics Sciences". Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 76 (14): 1567–1587. doi:10.1134/S1061934821140094. ISSN   1608-3199. PMC   8693159 .
  23. 1 2 R.P.W. Scott (1 February 1986). Liquid Chromatography Detectors. Elsevier. pp. 2–. ISBN   978-0-08-085836-4 . Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  24. ↑ Logan, Barry K. (1994-03-30). "Liquid chromatography with photodiode array spectrophotometric detection in the forensic sciences". Analytica Chimica Acta. 288 (1): 111–122. doi:10.1016/0003-2670(94)85120-4. ISSN   0003-2670.
  25. ↑ W. John Lough; Irving W. Wainer (1995). High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Principles and Practice. Blackie Academic & Professional. pp. 120–. ISBN   978-0-7514-0076-2 . Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  26. ↑ Lingeman, H.; Underberg, W. J. M.; Takadate, A.; Hulshoff, A. (1985). "Fluorescence Detection in High Performance Liquid Chromatography". Journal of Liquid Chromatography. 8 (5): 789–874. doi:10.1080/01483918508067120. ISSN   0148-3919.
  27. ↑ Al-Sanea, Mohammad M.; Gamal, Mohammed (2022-07-01). "Critical analytical review: Rare and recent applications of refractive index detector in HPLC chromatographic drug analysis". Microchemical Journal. 178: 107339. doi:10.1016/j.microc.2022.107339. ISSN   0026-265X. S2CID   247277480.
  28. ↑ Hong, Mei; Liu, Wei; Liu, Yonggang; Dai, Xuemin; Kang, Yu; Li, Rui; Bao, Feng; Qiu, Xuepeng; Pan, Yanxiong; Ji, Xiangling (2022-11-08). "Improved characterization on molecular weight of polyamic acids using gel permeation chromatography coupled with differential refractive index and multi-angle laser light scattering detectors". Polymer. 260: 125370. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125370. ISSN   0032-3861. S2CID   252578680.
  29. ↑ Bobbitt, Donald R.; Linder, Sean W. (2001-03-01). "Recent advances in chiral detection for high performance liquid chromatography". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 20 (3): 111–123. doi:10.1016/S0165-9936(00)00083-2. ISSN   0165-9936.
  30. ↑ McNair, Harold Monroe; Miller, James M.; Snow, Nicholas H. (2019). Basic gas chromatography (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN   978-1-119-45073-3.
  31. ↑ Rastrello, Fabio; Placidi, Pisana; Scorzoni, Andrea; Cozzani, Enrico; Messina, Marco; Elmi, Ivan; Zampolli, Stefano; Cardinali, Gian Carlo (May 2013). "Thermal Conductivity Detector for Gas Chromatography: Very Wide Gain Range Acquisition System and Experimental Measurements". IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 62 (5): 974–981. Bibcode:2013ITIM...62..974R. doi:10.1109/TIM.2012.2236723. ISSN   0018-9456. S2CID   33546808.
  32. ↑ Wentworth, W.E.; Chen, E.C.M. (1981), Chapter 3 Theory of electron capture, Journal of Chromatography Library, vol. 20, Elsevier, pp. 27–68, doi:10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60127-x, ISBN   9780444419545 , retrieved 2023-10-21
  33. ↑ Zlatkis, A.; Poole, C.F. (1981). Electron Capture: Theory and Practice in Chromatography. Elsevier. p. 428.
  34. ↑ Driscoll, J. N. (1985-11-01). "Review of Photoionization Detection in Gas Chromatography: The First Decade". Journal of Chromatographic Science. 23 (11): 488–492. doi:10.1093/chromsci/23.11.488. ISSN   0021-9665.
  35. ↑ Brattoli, Magda; Cisternino, Ezia; Dambruoso, Paolo Rosario; De Gennaro, Gianluigi; Giungato, Pasquale; Mazzone, Antonio; Palmisani, Jolanda; Tutino, Maria (2013). "Gas Chromatography Analysis with Olfactometric Detection (GC-O) as a Useful Methodology for Chemical Characterization of Odorous Compounds". Sensors. 13 (12): 16759–16800. Bibcode:2013Senso..1316759B. doi: 10.3390/s131216759 . ISSN   1424-8220. PMC   3892869 . PMID   24316571.
  36. ↑ Kim, Chuntae; Lee, Kyung Kwan; Kang, Moon Sung; Shin, Dong-Myeong; Oh, Jin-Woo; Lee, Chang-Soo; Han, Dong-Wook (2022-08-19). "Artificial olfactory sensor technology that mimics the olfactory mechanism: a comprehensive review". Biomaterials Research. 26 (1): 40. doi: 10.1186/s40824-022-00287-1 . ISSN   2055-7124. PMC   9392354 . PMID   35986395.
  37. ↑ Song, Jianxin; Chen, Qinqin; Bi, Jinfeng; Meng, Xianjun; Wu, Xinye; Qiao, Yening; Lyu, Ying (2020-11-30). "GC/MS coupled with MOS e-nose and flash GC e-nose for volatile characterization of Chinese jujubes as affected by different drying methods". Food Chemistry. 331: 127201. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127201. ISSN   0308-8146. PMID   32562976. S2CID   219959356.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.