Cisco Certifications are the list of the Certifications offered by Cisco Systems. There are four to five (path to network designers) levels of certification: Associate (CCNA/CCDA), Professional (CCNP/CCDP), Expert (CCIE/CCDE) and recently, Architect (CCAr: CCDE previous), as well as nine different paths for the specific technical field; Routing & Switching, Design, Industrial Network, Network Security, Service Provider, Service Provider Operations, Storage Networking, Voice, Datacenter and Wireless. There are also a number of specialist technicians, sales, Business, data center certifications and CCAI certified instructors (Cisco Academy Instructor).
The table below shows the different paths and levels for Cisco Certifications. All Certifications, except for CCAr, requires the passing of one or more theoretical exams offered by Pearson VUE. CCIE Certifications also require a hands-on exam administered at special labs around the world.
Certification Paths
Level
Architect
Routing and Switching
Design
Cloud
Collaboration
Cybersecurity Operations
Data Center
Industrial / IoT
Security
Service Provider
Wireless
Expert
CCAr Architect
CCIE Routing and Switching
CCDE
-
CCIE Collaboration
-
CCIE Data Center
-
CCIE Security
CCIE Service Provider
CCIE Wireless
Professional
-
CCNP Routing and Switching
CCDP
CCNP Cloud
CCNP Collaboration
CCNP CyberOps
CCNP Data Center
-
CCNP Security
CCNP Service Provider
CCNP Wireless
Associate
-
CCNA
CCNA DevNet
CCNA CyberOps
Entry
CCST
As of October 1, 2023, Cisco has altered their certification structure.
3 associate level certificates: CCNA, CC DevNet Associate, and CC CyberOps Associate.
7 professional level certificates: CCNP DevNet, CCNP Enterprise, CCNP Collaboration, CCNP Data Center, CCNP Security, CCNP Service Provider, and CC CyberOps Professional
8 expert level certificates: CCIE Collaboration, CCIE Data Center, DevNet Expert, CCDE, CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure, CCIE Enterprise Wireless, CCIE Security, CCIE Service Provider
As of February 24, 2020, Cisco altered their certification structure.
1 entry level certificate: CCT
3 associate level certificates: CCNA, CC DevNet Associate, and CC CyberOps Associate.
7 professional level certificates: CCNP DevNet, CCNP Enterprise, CCNP Collaboration, CCNP Data Center, CCNP Security, CCNP Service Provider, and CC CyberOps Professional
7 expert level certificates: CCDE, CCIE Infrastructure, CCIE Enterprise Wireless, CCIE Collaboration, CCIE Data Center, CCIE Security, and CCIE Service provider.
Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician {CCENT} represents the lowest level of certification which covers basic networking knowledge. Until its introduction, CCNA represented the first level of the certification program. It has appropriate use for an entry-level network support position. CCENT certified staff can install, manage and troubleshoot a small enterprise network, including basic network security. The first step towards a CCNA certification must start by having a CCENT.
In 2017, Cisco introduced new ICND1 and ICND2 exams (needed for the new CCNA Routing and Switching). ICND1: 100-105 (Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 1 v3.0) became the new exam required for CCENT.[1] With this change, CCENT became a sufficient pre-requirement for CCNA Security, CCNA Voice and CCNA Wireless.
Cisco Certified Technicians have the skills to diagnose, restore, repair, and replace critical Cisco networking and system devices at customer sites. Technicians work closely with the Cisco Technical Assistance Center (TAC) to quickly and efficiently resolve support incidents.[3]
As of November 2017, there were 2 domains available for CCT certification:
The CCNA Routing and Switching certification covered skills necessary to administer devices on small or medium-sized networks.[6] This certification required the ICND1 100-105 and ICND2 200-105 exams.
All CCNA-certified individuals specialize by technology. Previously, specialized tracks required passing and maintaining a CCNA certification, but with the expiration of the 640 series tests this is no longer the case. As of autumn 2015,The CCNA Certification has no prerequisites.
Starting 24 February 2020, all CCNA specializations were consolidated. The 200-301 Cisco Certified Network Associate exam is now the only exam available at CCNA-level.
Cisco-Certified Design Associate (CCDA) certified engineers can design switched or routed networks of LANs, WANs and broadband services. The CCDA exam (200-310 DESGN) requires a CCENT at a minimum, though either CCNA or CCIE will serve as a prerequisite, as well SWITCH-level knowledge of Cisco-based LANs.[10]
The Cisco Certified Collaboration Associate certification is for Cisco engineers who specialize in Cisco's Unified Communications (UC) products. Collaboration engineers focus on the deployment and support of voice, video, and live text communication solutions across IP networks.
The Cisco Certified Network Associate Industrial (CCNA Industrial) certification is for plant administrators, control system engineers and traditional network engineers in the manufacturing, process control, and oil and gas industries, who will be involved with the convergence of IT and Industrial networks.
CCNA Security validates knowledge of security infrastructure, threats, and vulnerabilities to networks and threat mitigation. Required skills include installation, troubleshooting and monitoring of network devices to maintain the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data and devices. To earn this certification one must pass the 210-260 IINS (Implementing Cisco IOS Network Security) exam, as well as hold a current CCNA certification. The CCNA-Security is a prerequisite to the CCNP Security certification.[22] It represents the required exam to earn the certification and for continuing the security certification path to the CCNP.[23]
Note: The CCNA Security courseware holds compliance with the NSA and CNSS training standard of CNSS 4011. By remaining compliant, the CCNA Security program provides the required training for network security professionals who assist private sector entities and federal agencies of the United States, protects their information and aid in the defense of the United States IT infrastructure. Candidates who have passed the CCNA Security will receive a letter of recognition acknowledging they have met the CNSS 4011 training requirements.[24]
CCNA Service Provider focuses validates the ability to configure and implement baseline Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation networks. The required Exams are 640-875 Building Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Networks, Part 1(SPNGN1) and 640-878 Building Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Networks, Part 2 (SPNGN2). Standard CCNA certification is not a prerequisite. The class, "Building Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Networks" is delivered in two parts.
Part 1 is a 5-day instructor-led course that provides the basic knowledge and skills necessary to support a service provider network. The course provides knowledge of the major network components and helps learners to understand how service provider networks function. The course introduces IP Next-Generation Network (IP NGN) architecture. The course also includes remote labs that help gain practical skills for deploying basic Cisco IOS / IOS XE and Cisco IOS XR software features. Part 2 is a 5-day instructor-led course that provides knowledge of network construction and IP NGN architecture. The course includes additional remote labs.[27]
The CCNA Wireless certification covers wireless LANs, including networking associates/administrators, wireless support specialists, and WLAN project managers. The certification validates skills in the configuration, implementation, and support of wireless LANs. 200-355 WIFUND (Implementing Cisco Wireless Networking Essentials) is the required exam.
Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) Certifications validate knowledge and skills required to install, configure, and troubleshoot converged local- and wide-area networks with 100 to 500 or more end-devices. One needs a valid CCNA certification to obtain a CCNP certification.[32][33]
CCNP Routing and Switching
The CCNP validates the ability to plan, implement, verify, and troubleshoot local and wide-area enterprise networks and work collaboratively with specialists on advanced security, voice, wireless, and video solutions. In addition to CCNA Exams, professionals must pass three separate professional-level exams. The certification track changed in July 2010, with various migration paths available for those that had begun, but not completed, the CCNP certification process. In July 2014, Cisco released version 2.0 of the CCNP exams and training courses, "to reflect the alignment with changing industry job roles and the addition of new study materials."[34] 29 January 2015 was the last day to test using the v1.0 exams. As of 30 January 2015, only the v2.0 exam is offered.[34]
Required exams (v1.0):
642-902 ROUTE: Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)[35]
642-813 SWITCH: Implementing Cisco IP Switched Networks (SWITCH)[36]
642-832 TSHOOT: Troubleshooting and Maintaining Cisco IP Networks (TSHOOT)[37]
Required exams (v2.0):
300-101 ROUTE: Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)[38]
300-115 SWITCH: Implementing Cisco IP Switched Networks (SWITCH)[39]
300-135 TSHOOT: Troubleshooting and Maintaining Cisco IP Networks (TSHOOT)[40]
Retired on February 23, 2020 [41] Check CCNP Enterprise Architecture.
CCDP
With a CCDP certification, a network professional can discuss, design, and create advanced addressing and routing, security, network management, data center, and IP multicast enterprise architectures that include virtual private networking and wireless domains. An active CCDA certification acts as a prerequisite for this certification.
Required exams:
300-101 ROUTE: Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)[35]
300-115 SWITCH: Implementing Cisco IP Switched Networks (SWITCH)[36]
300-320 ARCH: Designing Cisco Network Service Architecture[42]
Note that CCDP requires 300-101 ROUTE and 300-115 SWITCH. After passing CCNP and CCDA, CCDP requires only 300-320 ARCH.
You are required to pass these four exams: 300-070 CIPTV1 Implementing Cisco IP Telephony and Video, Part 1 (CIPTV1) 300-075 CIPTV2 Implementing Cisco IP Telephony and Video, Part 2 (CIPTV2) 300-080 CTCOLLAB Troubleshooting Cisco IP Telephony and Video (CTCOLLAB) 300-085 CAPPS Implementing Cisco Collaboration Applications (CAPPS) [44]
CCNP Data Center
CCNP Data Center validates knowledge of data center design, equipment installation, and maintenance.[45]
300-175 DCUCI Implementing Cisco Data Center Unified Computing (DCUCI)
300-165 DCII Implementing Cisco Data Center Infrastructure (DCII)
300-170 DCVAI Implementing Cisco Data Center Virtualization and Automation (DCVAI)
300-160 DCID Designing Cisco Data Center Infrastructure (DCID)
OR
300-180 DCIT Troubleshooting Cisco Data Center Infrastructure (DCIT)
CCNP Security
Formerly Cisco Certified Security Professional (CCSP).
The CCNP Security certification[47] program aligns to the job role of the Cisco Network Security Engineer, who has responsibility for security in routers, switches, networking devices, and appliances, as well as choosing, deploying, supporting, and troubleshooting firewalls, VPNS, and IDS/IPS solutions for their networking environments. The CCNP Security certification requires CCNA Security or any CCIE Certification.
CCNP Service Provider
The CCNP Service Provider certification replaced the retiring CCIP certification.
Required exams:
642-883 SPROUTE: Deploying Cisco Service Provider Network Routing
642-885 SPADVROUTE: Deploying Cisco Service Provider Advanced Routing
642-887 SPCORE: Implementing Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Core Network Services
642-889 SPEDGE: Implementing Cisco Service Provider Next-Generation Edge Network Services
CCNP Wireless
CCNP Wireless covers all aspects of wireless networking principles and theory. This certification requires four tests, covering Wireless Site Survey, Wireless Voice Networks, Wireless Mobility Services, and Wireless Security. The prerequisite acts as a valid CCNA Wireless certification.
Required exams:
642-732 CUWSS: Conducting Cisco Unified Wireless Site Survey (CUWSS)
Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert represents Cisco's highest certification, comprising seven tracks at present, tracks are updated and retired frequently and are aligned to industry's latest technologies and trends. As of October 6, 2010, 25,810 people held active CCIE Certifications.[49][50][51]CertMag,[52] voted it as the most technically advanced IT certification and statistics generally report it as the highest salaried certification in IT salary surveys.
CCIE began in 1993,[53] originally with a two-day lab, later changing to a one-day format. Fewer than 3% of Cisco-certified individuals attain CCIE certification and, on average, spend thousands of dollars and 18 months studying before passing.[54] Many candidates build training labs at home using old equipment, then sell it to other candidates after passing. Alternatively, candidates may rent "rack time" online. The CCIE consists of a written exam and a "lab" exam (in each track). The written exam acts as a prerequisite of the lab exam and has a cost of $400 per attempt. The written exam consists of 100 questions that must be completed within 2 hours. Upon passing the written exam, the candidate has eighteen months to take the lab exam. The candidate has three years after passing the written exam to successfully complete the lab. The lab is an eight-hour, hands-on exam designed to demonstrate that the candidate knows Internetworking theory and demonstrates advanced hands-on mastery. Candidates that do not pass the CCIE lab in that interval must re-pass the written exam before again attempting the CCIE lab exam. The minimum waiting time between attempts is one month.
As of July 2014, the CCIE Lab costs $1600 per attempt and ten Cisco locations offer it worldwide. Some of these locations do not offer all CCIE tracks. According to a Cisco survey, $9050 represents the average cost to prepare for CCIE certification as of April 2006, which gets spent mostly on practice equipment and study material.[55] No formal prerequisites currently exist for the CCIE written exam, but Cisco recommends at least 3–5 years networking experience. CCIE exists as the first Cisco Certified qualification and no other Certifications have existed previously. The associate and professional Certifications recognized the fact that CCIE is overkill for many networking personnel. Cisco has chosen not to make lower level Certifications prerequisites for the CCIE certification.
One may have the knowledge to hold multiple CCIE Certifications. Adam McCombs cited this qualification as "essentially a PhD in the internet" in Season 1 Episode 10 of Shark Tank.
Upon successful completion of the lab exam, Cisco awards a CCIE number to a new CCIE. The first CCIE number allocated (in 1993) started at 1,024 and increased thereafter. As of August 2011, the highest CCIE number allocated reached just over 30,000. The first number they allocated to the first CCIE lab location, rather than to an individual, and featured as a plaque at the entrance to the lab. They awarded Number 1025 to Stuart Biggs, who created the first written exam and first lab exam. The first person to pass both CCIE written and lab exams, known as Terry Slattery,[56] consulted at Cisco when the lab began development. Slattery held the first CCIE who did not work for Cisco.[57][58] Each CCIE retains their number regardless of how many Certifications he or she receives. Every two years a CCIE has to take a written test to retain the certification. If not done, the certification becomes suspended. After one further year without passing, the certification becomes revoked. One can then only regain the certification by starting from scratch. Re-certification can occur up to 2 years before the expiration date. After certification/re-certification, a CCIE must wait 6 months before re-certifying.
CCIE Lab Exams are administered only at special CCIE Lab Test Centers around the world. However, all the tracks for testing may not be available at a lab location.[59]
The Cisco Certified Architect (CCAr) certification assesses the experience and competency of network designers who can support the increasingly complex networks of global organizations and effectively translate business strategies into technical strategies.[60][61]
The Cisco Certified Architect certification is administered as a board exam. Candidates propose and defend an architecture solution to a set of business requirements. Candidates are asked to modify their proposals "on the fly," based on additional requirements presented by the board. Prerequisites include a CCDE certification, approximately 10 years of industry experience, and acceptance into the program via an application process.
Responsibilities of the Cisco Certified Architect:
Lead creation and evolution of enterprise architecture
Analyze technology and industry market trends
Establish governing principles for Enterprise networks
Selection of technology and products
Identification of organization resource needs
Lead the development of communication and education plan for enterprise network architecture
CCIE Routing and Switching
Routing and Switching seem by far the most popular track, with 35,272 worldwide certified individuals as of May 18, 2012.[62] The certification covers a variety of networking concepts and protocols.
CCDE runs in parallel with the more established CCIE program, in some areas providing a higher skill-set than CCIE. Specifically, CCDE identifies network professionals who have expert network design skills. Network design translates business requirements into end-to-end network designs and a solutions approach to network expansion and integration.[64] CCDE focuses on network architecture and does not cover implementation and operations. CCDE supplies a vendor-neutral curriculum, testing business requirements analysis, design, planning, and validation practices.[65] The course came about because employers needed a way to identify experienced network designers and architects who could address all aspects of existing and new networking technologies and trends.[66] While engineers (including many CCIEs) had fulfilled this role, certification had not advanced beyond the CCDP certification. CCDE numbering adopts a different format than CCIE and appears split into a year and number within that year. It uses the same CCIE tools to verify qualified status. CCDE certified individuals can use CCIE qualification exams to re-certify and vice versa. CCDE provides advanced network infrastructure design principles and fundamentals for large networks. A CCDE can demonstrate an ability to develop solutions which address planning, design, integration, optimization, operations, security, and ongoing support focused at the infrastructure level.
CCIE Collaboration
The Voice track covers advanced topics in subjects such as Quality of Service, MGCP, Cisco Call Manager (Cisco's VoIPPBX), Cisco Unity Connection (Cisco's Voice Messaging platform), Unity Express, Unified Contact Center Express, Cisco Unified Presence Server, Cisco's HWIC-4ESW, and the 3750-24PS. Most candidates pass after three or four lab attempts, but some have required more than six. Many have reputed that the lab exam seems as much a test of time management and planning as of technical expertise. The widely dissimilar platforms used sets the Voice lab exam apart from other CCIE lab exams. One must make configurations on the Windows Server environment, a CallManager web-based GUI, and the IOS command line. As such, it involves a lot of back-and-forth fine tuning between the numerous platforms.
In May 2013, Cisco announced it will retire the CCIE Voice track and introduce the new CCIE Collaboration track, including new topics such as virtualization, Jabber instant messaging and video. After protest from current and aspirant CCIE Voice holders, whom argued that the differences remain too few to warrant retiring the track with no option to transition to the new track, Cisco offered a transition path for existing Voice holders. The Collaboration written exam may have availability starting from November 21, 2013. The lab exam will transition from Voice to Collaboration on February 14, 2014.
CCIE Data Center
Cisco has announced the September availability of a CCIE Data Center certification,[67] which certifies the expert-level skills required to plan, prepare, operate, monitor, and troubleshoot complex data center networks. The CCIE Data Center written exam will be available Sept. 3, 2012;[68] the lab exam should have availability in October.[69]
CCIE Security
The Security track covers advanced topics in subjects such as ASA, FirePower, IOS security, Wireless Security, Content Security, Antimalware Protection and many others.
CCIE Service Provider
The Cisco CCIE Service Provider (CCIE SP) certification validates expert level skills required of a Network Engineer to configure, build, troubleshoot, and optimize a complex highly available Service Provider IP NGN core infrastructure. Candidates preparing for CCIE SP certification possess thorough knowledge in IP core, aggregation/edge, and remote access technologies, Layer 2 and 3 VPNs, plus managed services traversing an IP core network.
CCIE Wireless
Candidates who pass the CCIE Wireless certification exams demonstrate broad theoretical knowledge of wireless networking and a solid understanding of wireless local area networking (WLAN) technologies from Cisco.
In addition to the vast amount of Certifications above, Cisco also provides Meraki Specialist Certifications.[71] The exams for these Certifications are often focused on some specific technology and generally targeted at members of the Cisco Partner Program, including those selling, designing, or supporting Cisco products and services. By combining various exams, a Cisco partner can gain specialty status and thus qualify for additional partner benefits.[72]
Specializations can be held at Express, Advanced and Master levels, reflecting the depth of a partners skills across certain technologies and architectures, and can be held in both a Technology portfolio, or an architecture. Specializations are:[73]
Business: Business Value Practitioner, Business Value Specialist
Business Architecture Specialist, Business Architecture Practitioner
A network service access point address, defined in ISO/IEC 8348, is an identifying label for a service access point (SAP) used in OSI networking.
A router is a computer and a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions between networks and on the global Internet. Data sent through a network, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork until it reaches its destination node.
A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network that extends over a large geographic area. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.
Cisco Systems, Inc.,, is an American multinational digital communications technology conglomerate corporation headquartered in San Jose, California. Cisco develops, manufactures, and sells networking hardware, software, telecommunications equipment and other high-technology services and products. Cisco specializes in specific tech markets, such as the Internet of things (IoT), domain security, videoconferencing, and energy management with leading products including Webex, OpenDNS, Jabber, Duo Security, Silicon One, and Jasper.
The Internetworking Operating System (IOS) is a family of proprietary network operating systems used on several router and network switch models manufactured by Cisco Systems. The system is a package of routing, switching, internetworking, and telecommunications functions integrated into a multitasking operating system. Although the IOS code base includes a cooperative multitasking kernel, most IOS features have been ported to other kernels, such as Linux and QNX, for use in Cisco products.
A Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) is a person in the IT industry who has achieved the professional level of Cisco Career Certification.
CCNA is an information technology (IT) certification from Cisco Systems. CCNA certification is an associate-level Cisco Career certification.
Z-Wave is a wireless communications protocol used primarily for residential and commercial building automation. It is a mesh network using low-energy radio waves to communicate from device to device, allowing for wireless control of smart home devices, such as smart lights, security systems, thermostats, sensors, smart door locks, and garage door openers. The Z-Wave brand and technology are owned by Silicon Labs. Over 300 companies involved in this technology are gathered within the Z-Wave Alliance.
Red Hat, an IBM subsidiary specializing in computer software, offers different level of certification programs, most of which specialize in system administration. Certifications can be validated through Red Hat webpage, and expire after 3 years.
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by network nodes. Computers use common communication protocols over digital interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are made up of telecommunication network technologies based on physically wired, optical, and wireless radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies.
Encapsulation is the computer-networking process of concatenating layer-specific headers or trailers with a service data unit for transmitting information over computer networks. Deencapsulation is the reverse computer-networking process for receiving information; it removes from the protocol data unit (PDU) a previously concatenated header or tailer that an underlying communications layer transmitted.
Cisco NAC Appliance, formerly Cisco Clean Access (CCA), was a network admission control (NAC) system developed by Cisco Systems designed to produce a secure and clean computer network environment. Originally developed by Perfigo and marketed under the name of Perfigo SmartEnforcer, this network admission control device analyzes systems attempting to access the network and prevents vulnerable computers from joining the network. The system usually installs an application known as the Clean Access Agent on computers that will be connected to the network. This application, in conjunction with both a Clean Access server and a Clean Access Manager, has become common in many universities and corporate environments today. It is capable of managing wired or wireless networks in an in-band or out-of-band configuration mode, and Virtual Private networks (VPN) in an in-band only configuration mode.
A computer repair technician is a person who repairs and maintains computers and servers. The technician's responsibilities may extend to include building or configuring new hardware, installing and updating software packages, and creating and maintaining computer networks.
Private VLAN, also known as port isolation, is a technique in computer networking where a VLAN contains switch ports that are restricted such that they can only communicate with a given uplink. The restricted ports are called private ports. Each private VLAN typically contains many private ports, and a single uplink. The uplink will typically be a port connected to a router, firewall, server, provider network, or similar central resource.
The Cisco Certified Entry Networking Technician (CCENT) certification was the first stage of Cisco's certification system. The certification was retired on 24 February 2020. The CCENT certification was an interim step to Associate level or directly with CCNA and CCDA certifications. While the CCENT covered basic networking knowledge; it did not get involved with the more intricate technical aspects of the Cisco routing and switching and network design. The certification validated the skills essential for entry-level network support positions. CCENT qualified individuals have the knowledge and skill to install, manage, maintain and troubleshoot a small enterprise branch network, including network security. The CCENT curriculum covered networking fundamentals, WAN technologies, basic security, routing and switching fundamentals, and configuring simple networks. The applicable training was the Cisco ICND1 and the exam was, costing $165 retail. The certification was valid for 3 years.
The Computer Networks Laboratory was formed in 1995 as a result of the solution of research tasks and pilot projects in cooperation with the industry. It is a joint contractual research and experimental work station KPI FEI TU and elfa s.r.o. Currently it is a top work station involved in the progressive network technologies in the Slovak Republic and highly appreciated also by the international expert community. The main research objective of the lab are computer networks and progressive network infrastructures emphasizing the issue of the information transfer of the multimedia nature with the required quality of services parameters (QoS). Special attention is paid to the following areas:
The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert, or CCIE, is a technical certification offered by Cisco Systems. The Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) and Cisco Certified Design Expert (CCDE) certifications were established to assist the industry in distinguishing the top echelon of internetworking experts worldwide and to assess expert-level infrastructure network design skills worldwide. Holders of these certifications are generally acknowledged as having an advanced level of knowledge. The CCIE and CCDE communities have established a reputation for leading the networking industry in deep technical networking knowledge and are deployed in the most technically challenging network assignments. The expert-level certification program continually updates and revises its testing tools and methodologies to ensure and maintain program quality, relevance and value. Through a rigorous written exam and a performance-based lab exam, these expert-level certification programs set the standard for internetworking expertise.
Broadcast, unknown-unicast and multicast traffic is network traffic transmitted using one of three methods of sending data link layer network traffic to a destination of which the sender does not know the network address. This is achieved by sending the network traffic to multiple destinations on an Ethernet network. As a concept related to computer networking, it includes three types of Ethernet modes: broadcast, unicast and multicast Ethernet. BUM traffic refers to that kind of network traffic that will be forwarded to multiple destinations or that cannot be addressed to the intended destination only.
References
↑ Dipali, R. "CCENT". certiology. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
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