Cladonia didyma

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Cladonia didyma
Cladonia didyma (Fee) Vainio 80437.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Cladoniaceae
Genus: Cladonia
Species:
C. didyma
Binomial name
Cladonia didyma
(Fée) Vain (1887) [1]

Cladonia didyma is a fruticose lichen, commonly known as southern soldiers, belonging to the family Cladoniaceae, which include fungal symbionts under the Ascomycota phylum with characteristic red ascocarps containing sexually reproductive asci. [2]

Contents

Initially named Scyphophorus didymus (Fée 1824), it was later reclassified into Cladonia didyma in 1887. [3] Its namesake is described as deriving from the ancient Greek κλᾰ́δος (kládos) meaning 'branching' and Δίδυμος (didymus) describing 'bunched', 'clustered' or 'paired' [4] indicative of the branched like structures characteristic of the Cladonia genus and the often observed clusters of C. didyma found among various other Cladonia spp. or other C. didyma variants. [3] [5] [6]

Physiology

Species in the Cladonia genus have distinct, easily identifiable characteristics. [3] [7] However, species identification generally requires assessment of their chemical and metabolic properties due to high morphological similarity among species, and wide occurrence of environmentally contextual within species variations. [3] [6] [8] [9]

The upper surface of the primary thallus has a smooth, green to gray cortex with a slight sheen. The structure includes concealed squamules 0.7–2.0 mm long and 0.5–1.5 mm wide which can be either lobed or laciniate and lack soredia. Conversely the bottom surface lacks a cortex and is white and flat. [3] [8] [9]

The podetia (secondary thallus) is branched, and ranges from white to gray, 0.5 –2.4 cm tall, outer diameter of 0.5–1.5 mm. Its surface is granulose with squamulose features around the base and lacks soredia. Variation of micro physiological features include  presence or absence of  a medulla or cortex, and surface textures that can be grooved, smooth, or velvety. When a medulla is present, its sterome is 100–142 μm thick and is brown or gray in color. [3] [8] [9]

The apex of the podetia contains either a single or clustered grouping of convex, margin-less apothecia ranging from 2.5 - 0.3 mm wide. The color ranges from orange to scarlet red and changes to blue in response to iodine. Ascospores can be either fusiform or oblong. [3] [8] [9]

Secondary metabolites

Barbatic, thamnolic, and didymic acids are among the most common metabolites produced by C. didyma. [3] [9] Other known compounds that have been observed include condidymic, subdidymic, and decarboxythamnolic acids, while others have yet to be characterized. [5] [6] [9] Among the many phenotypes of C. didyma, two major chemotypes have been defined by the presence of either didymic or thamnolic acid and are observed within different habitat types. [9]

Analysis of C. didyma metabolites has found antioxidant compounds as well as others within chemical families associated with defense responses related to oxidative stress and UV exposure. [10] Experimental tests on these compounds revealed their potential uses in sun protection and regulation of free radicals. [10]

Habitat and distribution

Cladonia didyma has a wide distribution and can be found on nearly every continent and oceanic region [11] under various environmental conditions, at sea level and altitudes as high as 3400 meters, [3] [5] [9] and habitats ranging from mesic to xeric forests. [7] [11] Often found growing on dying or decaying trees among other mosses and lichens, but has also been observed to persist within sandy soils or growing on rocks, [3] [5] and has been found in mycorrhizal sequencing analysis of epiphytic orchids. [12]

Related Research Articles

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The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but others can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances, rocks as their substrate. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate aridity.

<i>Cladonia asahinae</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia asahinae, the pixie cup lichen or Asahina's cup lichen, is a species of cup lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. C. asahinae occurs in Europe, North America, southern South America, and the Antarctic. It typically grows in high moisture environments in soil rich in humus or on dead wood.

<i>Cetradonia</i> Genus of lichens

Cetradonia is a lichen genus in the family Cladoniaceae. A monotypic genus, Cetradonia contains the single species Cetradonia linearis. The genus was circumscribed in 2002 by Jiang-Chun Wei and Teuvo Ahti. The genus was once placed in the family Cetradoniaceae until that family was subsumed into the Cladoniaceae in 2006.

Carassea is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 2002 by Finnish lichenologist Soili Stenroos. A monotypic genus, Carassea contains the single species Carassea connexa. This species, originally named Cladonia connexa, was first documented by Edvard August Wainio, who collected specimens from Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 1885, and published a description of the species in the first of his three-volume Monographia Cladoniarum universalis. The Cladoniaceae genera most closely related to Carassea include Pycnothelia and Metus.

Cladonia mongkolsukii is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Described as new to science in 2011, it is found in lower-elevation montane scrub forests of northeast Thailand and in Sri Lanka. The specific epithet honors Pachara Mongolsuk, a Thai lichenologist.

<i>Cladonia amaurocraea</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia amaurocraea, commonly known as the quill lichen or the quill cup lichen, is a species of fruticose, cup lichen in the Cladoniaceae family.

Teuvo ("Ted") Tapio Ahti is a Finnish botanist and lichenologist. He has had a long career at the University of Helsinki that started in 1963, and then following his retirement in 1997, at the Botanical Museum of the Finnish Museum of Natural History. Known as a specialist of the lichen family Cladoniaceae, Ahti has published more than 280 scientific publications. A Festschrift was dedicated to him in 1994, and in 2000 he was awarded the prestigious Acharius Medal for lifetime contributions to lichenology.

Cladonia wainioi or the Wainio's cup lichen is a species of cup lichen found in boreal and arctic regions of the Russian Far East and northern North America.

<i>Cladonia sobolescens</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia sobolescens, commonly known as the peg lichen, is a species of fruticose lichen. It is found in temperate eastern North America and East Asia.

<i>Cladonia subradiata</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia subradiata is a widely distributed species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It is found in Asia, Africa, Melanesia, Australia, New Zealand, and South, Central, and North America.

Rexiella is a lichen genus in the family Cladoniaceae. The genus, originally circumscribed with the name Rexia by authors Soili Stenroos, Raquel Pino-Bodas, and Teuvo Ahti in 2018, was created to contain the species Cladonia sullivanii, first formally described in 1882 by Swiss botanist Johannes Müller Argoviensis. After publication of the new genus, it was discovered that the name was illegitimate, because an earlier homonym had been published; the generic name RexiaD.A.Casamatta, S.R.Gomez & J.R.Johansen had already been created in 2006 to contain the cyanobacterial species Rexia erecta. The new name Rexiella was therefore proposed in 2019. This name honours the Australian lichenologist Rex Filson, who published monographs on the genera Cladia and Heterodea.

<i>Cladonia digitata</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia digitata, commonly known as the finger cup lichen, is a cup lichen species in the family Cladoniaceae.

<i>Cladonia alpina</i> Species of lichen

Cladonia alpina is a species of fruticose lichen that is in the family Cladoniaceae. It has been found in Japan, Norway, and the United Kingdom.

<i>Parmelia fraudans</i> Species of lichen

Parmelia fraudans is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on rocks.

Cladonia compressa is a species of lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Bolivia, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by lichenologists Teuvo Ahti and Adam Flakus. The type specimen was collected by the second author near Siniari colony at an altitude of 2,186 m (7,172 ft). Here, in a Yungas secondary cloud forest, the lichen was found growing on the ground, in humus-rich mineral soil. The specific epithet compressa refers to the compressed podetia. Secondary compounds that occur in the lichen include fumarprotocetraric acid (major), and minor to trace amounts of protocetraric acid and physodalic acid.

<i>Pulchrocladia retipora</i> Species of fruticose lichen

Pulchrocladia retipora, commonly known as the coral lichen, is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found predominantly in Australasia, its habitats range from the Australian Capital Territory to New Zealand's North and South Islands, and even the Pacific region of New Caledonia, where it grows in coastal and alpine heathlands. The lichen features coral-like branches and subbranches with numerous intricate, netlike perforations. It is known by multiple names, with some sources referring to it by its synonym Cladia retipora, or the common name lace lichen.

Cladonia longisquama is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It occurs in the Seychelles, where it grows on moss-covered rocks.

Cladonia vescula is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It is known for its small size and unique chemical composition. It can be found in the montane cloud forests and pre-Andean Amazonian forests of Bolivia and Peru, where it grows on mineral soil mixed with humus. This species closely resembles Cladonia peziziformis and Cladonia corymbosula in morphology, but it is more slender and almost entirely lacking a cortex.

<i>Gallowayella weberi</i> Species of lichen

Gallowayella weberi is a species of corticolous and saxicolous, foliose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae. Found in the eastern United States, it is a small lichen with a smooth yellow to orange upper surface and a contrasting white lower surface.

Cladonia flavocrispata is a species of fruticose lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. Found in Venezuela and described as a new species in 2013, it is closely related to Cladonia hians, but is distinguished by its unique chemical composition and morphology.

References

  1. ↑ "Taxonomy browser (Cladonia didyma)". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  2. ↑ Steinová, Jana; Škaloud, Pavel; Yahr, Rebecca; Bestová, Helena; Muggia, Lucia (2019-05-01). "Reproductive and dispersal strategies shape the diversity of mycobiont-photobiont association in Cladonia lichens". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 134: 226–237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.014. hdl: 11368/2951192 . ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   30797939.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica; Fennica, Societas pro Fauna et Flora (1887). Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. Vol. v. 4 (1887). Helsinki: Societas.
  4. ↑ Charters, Michael L. "Latin and Greek Meanings and Derivations. An Annotated Dictionary of Botanical and Biographical Etymology". California Plant Names. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Gumboski, Emerson Luiz; Eliasaro, Sionara (2012). "Espécies de Cladonia P. Browne (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycota) dos Supergrupos Cocciferae, Crustaceae e Perviae em restingas e costões rochosos dos estados do Paraná e de Santa Catarina, Brasil". Acta Botanica Brasilica. 26 (3): 619–631. doi: 10.1590/S0102-33062012000300011 . ISSN   0102-3306.
  6. 1 2 3 Fraga, Carlos Augusto Vidigal; Gumboski, Emerson Luiz (2017). "The genus Cladonia (Lichenized Ascomycota) from Restinga vegetation of Espírito Santo state, Brazil: Supergroups Cladonia and Cocciferae". Rodriguésia. 68 (5): 1951–1962. doi:10.1590/2175-7860201768526. ISSN   0370-6583.
  7. 1 2 "University of Florida Natural Area Teaching Laboratory". natl.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Stenroos, Soili; Pino-Bodas, Raquel (2019). "Phylogeny of the family Cladoniaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) based on sequences of multiple loci". Cladistics. 35 (4): 351–384. doi:10.1111/cla.12363. hdl: 10261/247495 . ISSN   0748-3007. PMID   34633698.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Stenroos, Soili (1986). "The family Cladoniaceae in Melanesia. 2. Cladonia section Cocciferae". Annales Botanici Fennici. 23 (3): 239–250. ISSN   0003-3847. JSTOR   23726187.
  10. 1 2 Núñez-Arango, Lissy M.; Rojas, José L.; Valencia-Islas, Norma A.; Cerbón, Marco; González-Sánchez, Ignacio (2023-11-06). "Metabolites from the Andean paramo lichen Cladonia cf. didyma and their effect as photoprotective and antioxidant agents". Natural Product Research: 1–9. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2272028 . ISSN   1478-6419. PMID   37932254.
  11. 1 2 Vain, Fée (2023). "Cladonia didyma". GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. GBIF Secretariat. doi:10.15468/39omei . Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  12. ↑ Herrera, Paulo; Suárez, Juan Pablo; Sánchez-Rodríguez, Aminael; Molina, M. Carmen; Prieto, María; Méndez, Marcos (2019-06-01). "Many broadly-shared mycobionts characterize mycorrhizal interactions of two coexisting epiphytic orchids in a high elevation tropical forest". Fungal Ecology. 39: 26–36. Bibcode:2019FunE...39...26H. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2018.11.003. ISSN   1754-5048.
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