Climate of London

Last updated

London, United Kingdom
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
59
 
 
8
3
 
 
45
 
 
9
3
 
 
39
 
 
12
4
 
 
42
 
 
15
6
 
 
46
 
 
18
9
 
 
47
 
 
22
12
 
 
46
 
 
24
14
 
 
53
 
 
23
14
 
 
50
 
 
20
12
 
 
65
 
 
16
9
 
 
67
 
 
11
5
 
 
57
 
 
9
3
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2.3
 
 
47
37
 
 
1.8
 
 
48
37
 
 
1.5
 
 
53
39
 
 
1.7
 
 
59
43
 
 
1.8
 
 
65
48
 
 
1.9
 
 
71
54
 
 
1.8
 
 
75
58
 
 
2.1
 
 
74
57
 
 
2
 
 
68
53
 
 
2.6
 
 
60
48
 
 
2.6
 
 
53
41
 
 
2.2
 
 
48
38
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
London on a snowy day in 2018 Wood Green rooftops in snow from Tottenham 02.jpg
London on a snowy day in 2018

According to the Koppen Climate Classification, London has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb). [1] This type of climate features cool winters with frequent cloudy skies and rain showers (and on occasion snow), and mild summers. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed all year round.

Contents

London has a long history of meteorological observations, with precipitation records beginning as early as January 1697 at Kew Gardens. [2] Irregular observations were made at multiple locations in the ensuing years. An observing station has been located at Greenwich since 1841, giving London its longest continuous reliable temperature series. [3] Other stations include Heathrow, beginning in 1948, [4] Hampstead, beginning in 1910, [5] Northolt, beginning in 1948, [6] and St James's Park, beginning in 1910. [7]

The highest temperature ever observed in London is 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) provisionally [8] recorded at both Heathrow Airport and St James's Park on 19 July 2022 and the lowest is −16.1 °C (3.0 °F) 1 January 1962. [9] The lowest daily maximum temperature is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) occurring on 3 occasions: 8 January 1841, 4 January 1867 and 12 January 1987. [10] The highest daily minimum temperature recorded is 25.8 °C (78.4 °F), recorded in Kenley on 19 July 2022. [11] In addition to this, London holds multiple national records, including the record maximum for the months of February, April, May and June. [12]

The city can sometimes experience extremes. Snowfall is an infrequent occurrence in winter, falling on an average of 16 days per year, though infrequently heavy. [13] Thunderstorms are a similarly occurring feature, occurring on average up to 16 days per year. [14] London rarely experiences tornadoes, although an F2 struck Kensal Green on 7 December 2006. Severe weather and extremes in temperature are uncommon.

London is vulnerable to climate change in the United Kingdom, and there is increasing concern among hydrological experts that London households may run out of water before 2050. [15]

Classifications

London Climate according to major climate systems
Climatic schemeInitialsDescription
Köppen system [16] [17] Cfb Oceanic climate [lower-alpha 1]
Trewartha system [18] [19] DoTemperate oceanic climate
Alisov system [20] Temperate climate [lower-alpha 2]
Strahler system [21] Marine west-coast
Thornthwaite system [22]
C2 B'1
Moist subhumid and mesothermal
Neef system [23] [24] West side/maritime climate

Climate data tables

London Weather Centre

Climate data for London Weather Centre, 2001-2009 seminormals
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.5
(47.3)
8.9
(48.0)
11.7
(53.1)
15.7
(60.3)
18.5
(65.3)
22.4
(72.3)
23.6
(74.5)
23.2
(73.8)
20.8
(69.4)
16.1
(61.0)
11.9
(53.4)
8.6
(47.5)
15.8
(60.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)5.0
(41.0)
4.7
(40.5)
5.8
(42.4)
8.2
(46.8)
10.9
(51.6)
14.1
(57.4)
15.5
(59.9)
15.5
(59.9)
13.7
(56.7)
10.9
(51.6)
8.0
(46.4)
5.4
(41.7)
9.8
(49.7)
Source 1: Weather Online [25]
Source 2: Tutiempo [26]

St James's Park - Weather Station near the centre of London

Climate data for St James's Park
WMO ID: 03770; coordinates 51°30′18″N0°07′52″W / 51.50489°N 0.13099°W / 51.50489; -0.13099 (Met St James's Park) ; elevation: 5 m (16 ft); extremes 1912–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)16.3
(61.3)
19.7
(67.5)
24.3
(75.7)
29.1
(84.4)
31.7
(89.1)
34.6
(94.3)
40.2
(104.4)
36.1
(97.0)
32.5
(90.5)
29.1
(84.4)
20.6
(69.1)
16.9
(62.4)
40.2
(104.4)
Record low °C (°F)−9.4
(15.1)
−10.0
(14.0)
−5.6
(21.9)
−3.3
(26.1)
−0.6
(30.9)
3.3
(37.9)
7.2
(45.0)
4.4
(39.9)
1.1
(34.0)
−3.3
(26.1)
−3.9
(25.0)
−7.0
(19.4)
−10.0
(14.0)
Source: Starlings Roost Weather [27] [28]

Heathrow - Airport Weather Station in the suburbs of West London

Climate data for Heathrow Airport
WMO ID: 03772; coordinates 51°28′45″N0°27′02″W / 51.47921°N 0.45057°W / 51.47921; -0.45057 (Met Office LHR) ; elevation: 25 m (82 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)16.0
(60.8)
20.1
(68.2)
23.8
(74.8)
28.5
(83.3)
31.8
(89.2)
34.8
(94.6)
40.2
(104.4)
37.9
(100.2)
33.0
(91.4)
28.8
(83.8)
18.6
(65.5)
16.6
(61.9)
40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.4
(47.1)
9.0
(48.2)
11.7
(53.1)
15.0
(59.0)
18.4
(65.1)
21.6
(70.9)
23.9
(75.0)
23.4
(74.1)
20.2
(68.4)
15.8
(60.4)
11.5
(52.7)
8.8
(47.8)
15.7
(60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)5.6
(42.1)
5.8
(42.4)
7.9
(46.2)
10.5
(50.9)
13.7
(56.7)
16.8
(62.2)
19.0
(66.2)
18.7
(65.7)
15.9
(60.6)
12.3
(54.1)
8.4
(47.1)
5.9
(42.6)
11.7
(53.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)2.7
(36.9)
2.7
(36.9)
4.1
(39.4)
6.0
(42.8)
9.1
(48.4)
12.0
(53.6)
14.2
(57.6)
14.1
(57.4)
11.6
(52.9)
8.8
(47.8)
5.3
(41.5)
3.1
(37.6)
7.8
(46.0)
Record low °C (°F)−13.2
(8.2)
−9.6
(14.7)
−5.1
(22.8)
−2.6
(27.3)
−0.9
(30.4)
1.5
(34.7)
5.6
(42.1)
5.9
(42.6)
1.8
(35.2)
−3.3
(26.1)
−7.0
(19.4)
−11.8
(10.8)
−13.2
(8.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)58.8
(2.31)
45.0
(1.77)
38.8
(1.53)
42.3
(1.67)
45.9
(1.81)
47.3
(1.86)
45.8
(1.80)
52.8
(2.08)
49.6
(1.95)
65.1
(2.56)
66.6
(2.62)
57.1
(2.25)
615.0
(24.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)11.59.58.58.88.08.37.98.47.910.811.210.8111.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 61.178.8124.5176.7207.5208.4217.8202.1157.1115.270.755.01,674.8
Source 1: Met Office [29]
Source 2: KNMI [30] [31]

Kew Gardens - Weather Station in South West London on the banks of the River Thames

Climate data for Kew Gardens
WMO ID: 99095; coordinates 51°28′55″N0°17′40″W / 51.48186°N 0.29435°W / 51.48186; -0.29435 (Kew Gardens) ; elevation: 6 m (20 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)16.5
(61.7)
21.2
(70.2)
24.5
(76.1)
28.4
(83.1)
30.3
(86.5)
34.6
(94.3)
40.1
(104.2)
38.1
(100.6)
33.2
(91.8)
29.2
(84.6)
19.4
(66.9)
16.8
(62.2)
40.1
(104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.6
(47.5)
9.2
(48.6)
11.9
(53.4)
15.1
(59.2)
18.4
(65.1)
21.4
(70.5)
23.8
(74.8)
23.4
(74.1)
20.3
(68.5)
16.0
(60.8)
11.6
(52.9)
8.9
(48.0)
15.7
(60.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)5.3
(41.5)
5.6
(42.1)
7.7
(45.9)
10.1
(50.2)
13.3
(55.9)
16.2
(61.2)
18.5
(65.3)
18.2
(64.8)
15.4
(59.7)
11.9
(53.4)
8.0
(46.4)
5.6
(42.1)
11.3
(52.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)2.0
(35.6)
2.0
(35.6)
3.5
(38.3)
5.1
(41.2)
8.2
(46.8)
11.0
(51.8)
13.2
(55.8)
13.0
(55.4)
10.5
(50.9)
7.8
(46.0)
4.3
(39.7)
2.3
(36.1)
6.9
(44.4)
Record low °C (°F)−12.6
(9.3)
−11.8
(10.8)
−8.3
(17.1)
−4.2
(24.4)
−1.5
(29.3)
1.5
(34.7)
5.3
(41.5)
4.3
(39.7)
−1.6
(29.1)
−5.4
(22.3)
−6.6
(20.1)
−12.0
(10.4)
−12.6
(9.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)59.9
(2.36)
45.4
(1.79)
39.0
(1.54)
43.6
(1.72)
44.6
(1.76)
49.7
(1.96)
45.2
(1.78)
55.1
(2.17)
51.9
(2.04)
67.9
(2.67)
66.0
(2.60)
59.2
(2.33)
627.5
(24.70)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)11.89.98.98.68.38.57.68.48.410.911.311.2113.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.280.7128.0181.0213.4209.8221.9206.5152.0117.469.752.71,693.2
Source 1: Met Office [32]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather [33] [34]

Hampstead - Weather Station in North London

The weather station enclosure is the most elevated of any in the London area, and as a result daytime temperatures are typically one degree lower than Heathrow, Kew, Northolt and Greenwich.

Climate data for Hampstead
WMO ID: 99139; coordinates 51°33′38″N0°10′48″W / 51.56052°N 0.17995°W / 51.56052; -0.17995 (Hampstead Met Station) ; elevation: 137 m (449 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1910–2016
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)15.7
(60.3)
18.3
(64.9)
22.8
(73.0)
27.2
(81.0)
30.0
(86.0)
33.7
(92.7)
34.4
(93.9)
37.4
(99.3)
33.9
(93.0)
28.9
(84.0)
20.0
(68.0)
15.6
(60.1)
37.4
(99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)7.5
(45.5)
8.1
(46.6)
10.9
(51.6)
14.1
(57.4)
17.3
(63.1)
20.4
(68.7)
22.7
(72.9)
22.3
(72.1)
19.1
(66.4)
14.8
(58.6)
10.6
(51.1)
7.8
(46.0)
14.7
(58.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)4.9
(40.8)
5.2
(41.4)
7.3
(45.1)
9.8
(49.6)
12.8
(55.0)
15.8
(60.4)
18.0
(64.4)
17.8
(64.0)
15.1
(59.2)
11.6
(52.9)
7.8
(46.0)
5.3
(41.5)
10.9
(51.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)2.3
(36.1)
2.3
(36.1)
3.7
(38.7)
5.5
(41.9)
8.3
(46.9)
11.2
(52.2)
13.3
(55.9)
13.4
(56.1)
11.1
(52.0)
8.3
(46.9)
5.0
(41.0)
2.7
(36.9)
7.3
(45.1)
Record low °C (°F)−12.2
(10.0)
−12.8
(9.0)
−8.9
(16.0)
−5.6
(21.9)
−1.7
(28.9)
1.7
(35.1)
4.2
(39.6)
4.5
(40.1)
0.6
(33.1)
−3.3
(26.1)
−6.1
(21.0)
−8.4
(16.9)
−12.8
(9.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)69.5
(2.74)
51.4
(2.02)
42.8
(1.69)
49.6
(1.95)
50.5
(1.99)
58.5
(2.30)
50.5
(1.99)
67.7
(2.67)
59.1
(2.33)
78.6
(3.09)
75.7
(2.98)
68.3
(2.69)
722.1
(28.43)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)12.110.79.19.18.58.78.49.39.011.011.911.9119.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 60.076.1114.2155.2199.2193.7199.8188.3145.5106.367.254.01,559.4
Source 1: Met Office [35]
Source 2: KNMI [36] Starlings Roost Weather [37] [38]

Northolt - Airfield Weather Station in the North West of London

Temperature extremes range from 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) in August 2003, down to −16.1 °C (3.0 °F) in January 1962.

Climate data for RAF Northolt
WMO ID: 03672; coordinates 51°32′55″N0°25′01″W / 51.54870°N 0.41689°W / 51.54870; -0.41689 (Northolt Station) ; elevation: 40 m (131 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)16.2
(61.2)
20.8
(69.4)
24.1
(75.4)
28.9
(84.0)
30.6
(87.1)
35.0
(95.0)
40.0
(104.0)
37.7
(99.9)
32.7
(90.9)
29.0
(84.2)
18.8
(65.8)
16.8
(62.2)
40.0
(104.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.2
(46.8)
8.8
(47.8)
11.6
(52.9)
14.8
(58.6)
18.1
(64.6)
21.2
(70.2)
23.5
(74.3)
23.1
(73.6)
20.0
(68.0)
15.6
(60.1)
11.3
(52.3)
8.6
(47.5)
15.4
(59.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)5.1
(41.2)
5.4
(41.7)
7.6
(45.7)
10.0
(50.0)
13.2
(55.8)
16.2
(61.2)
18.4
(65.1)
18.1
(64.6)
15.3
(59.5)
11.8
(53.2)
7.9
(46.2)
5.5
(41.9)
11.2
(52.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)2.0
(35.6)
2.0
(35.6)
3.5
(38.3)
5.2
(41.4)
8.3
(46.9)
11.3
(52.3)
13.4
(56.1)
13.2
(55.8)
10.6
(51.1)
7.9
(46.2)
4.5
(40.1)
2.3
(36.1)
7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F)−16.1
(3.0)
−13.9
(7.0)
−8.0
(17.6)
−4.7
(23.5)
−2.7
(27.1)
0.0
(32.0)
4.4
(39.9)
3.0
(37.4)
0.0
(32.0)
−5.5
(22.1)
−7.5
(18.5)
−17.4
(0.7)
−17.4
(0.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)62.9
(2.48)
49.1
(1.93)
42.4
(1.67)
45.6
(1.80)
51.8
(2.04)
50.2
(1.98)
48.6
(1.91)
56.6
(2.23)
51.4
(2.02)
70.2
(2.76)
71.4
(2.81)
63.1
(2.48)
663.3
(26.11)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)11.610.19.19.48.68.68.19.48.510.711.611.3117.0
Source 1: Met Office [39]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather [40] [41]

Greenwich - Weather Station in South East London near the river Thames

MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)16.8
(62.2)
19.7
(67.5)
23.3
(73.9)
25.3
(77.5)
29.0
(84.2)
34.5
(94.1)
35.3
(95.5)
37.5
(99.5)
30.2
(86.4)
26.1
(79.0)
18.9
(66.0)
16.4
(61.5)
37.5
(99.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)8.5
(47.3)
9.2
(48.6)
12.1
(53.8)
15.4
(59.7)
18.6
(65.5)
21.4
(70.5)
23.8
(74.8)
23.3
(73.9)
20.3
(68.5)
15.8
(60.4)
11.6
(52.9)
8.9
(48.0)
15.8
(60.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)5.9
(42.6)
6.2
(43.2)
8.4
(47.1)
10.7
(51.3)
13.8
(56.8)
16.7
(62.1)
18.8
(65.8)
18.7
(65.7)
15.9
(60.6)
12.4
(54.3)
8.8
(47.8)
6.3
(43.3)
11.9
(53.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)3.4
(38.1)
3.2
(37.8)
4.7
(40.5)
6.0
(42.8)
9.1
(48.4)
12.0
(53.6)
13.9
(57.0)
14.1
(57.4)
11.6
(52.9)
9.0
(48.2)
6.1
(43.0)
3.8
(38.8)
8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F)−12.7
(9.1)
−9.4
(15.1)
−6.7
(19.9)
−4.8
(23.4)
−1.0
(30.2)
1.1
(34.0)
5.0
(41.0)
5.3
(41.5)
1.1
(34.0)
−2.1
(28.2)
−8.0
(17.6)
−10.5
(13.1)
−12.7
(9.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)43.9
(1.73)
39.9
(1.57)
36.5
(1.44)
38.6
(1.52)
44.0
(1.73)
49.3
(1.94)
36.3
(1.43)
53.0
(2.09)
52.4
(2.06)
58.3
(2.30)
59.9
(2.36)
50.7
(2.00)
562.9
(22.16)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)10.59.27.98.17.97.87.18.27.910.310.610.2105.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 44.466.1109.7152.9198.7198.6209.2198.0140.699.758.550.11,526.4
Source 1: Met Office [42] [43] [44]
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather [45] [46]

Average UV index

Ultraviolet index [47]
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
1124566542103.4

See also

Notes

  1. Also called marine west coast.
  2. Mid-latitude temperate maritime climate

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of the United Kingdom</span>

The United Kingdom straddles the higher mid-latitudes between 49° and 61°N on the western seaboard of Europe. Since the UK is always in or close to the path of the polar front jet stream, frequent changes in pressure and unsettled weather are typical. Many types of weather can be experienced in a single day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Ireland</span>

Ireland is an island in Northern Europe in the north Atlantic Ocean. The island, of up to around 480 km (300 mi) north-south, and 275 km (171 mi) east-west, lies near the western edge of the European continental shelf, part of the Eurasian Plate. Its main geographical features include low central plains surrounded by coastal mountains. The highest peak is Carrauntoohil, which is 1,039 metres (3,409 ft) above sea level. The western coastline is rugged, with many islands, peninsulas, headlands and bays, while the southern and northern coasts feature a smaller number of substantial sea inlets, such as Lough Foyle and Cork Harbour; no part of the land is more than around 110 km (68 mi) from the sea. It was administratively divided into 32 counties, gathered in 4 provinces, though current arrangements, especially in Northern Ireland, differ from this model. The island is almost bisected by the River Shannon, which at 360.5 km (224 mi) with a 102.1 km (63 mi) estuary is the longest river in Ireland and flows south from County Cavan in the province of Ulster to form the boundary between Connacht and Leinster, and later Munster, and meet the Atlantic just south and west of Limerick. There are a number of sizeable lakes along Ireland's rivers, of which Lough Neagh is the largest.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pershore</span> Human settlement in England

Pershore is a market town and civil parish in the Wychavon district in Worcestershire, England, on the banks of the River Avon. At the 2011 census, the population was 7,125. The town is best known for Pershore Abbey. Pershore is situated 6 miles (10 km) west of Evesham and 6 miles (10 km) east of Upton-upon-Severn in the Vale of Evesham.

The climate of Mumbai is tropical, with defined wet and dry seasons. The mean annual temperature is 27.7 °C or 81.9 °F. Average annual rainfall is 2,213.4 millimetres or 87 inches in Colaba, which represents South Mumbai and 2,502.3 millimetres or 99 inches in Santacruz, which represents central and suburban Mumbai. The mean maximum average temperatures is about 32 °C (90 °F) in summer and 30 °C (86 °F) in winter, while the average minimums are 26 °C (79 °F) in summer and 18 °C (64 °F) in winter. The city experiences a lengthy, practically rainless dry season, and a relatively short, but extremely rainy wet season; due to the Southwest Monsoon and orographic influences from the nearby Western Ghats.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aldergrove, County Antrim</span> Hamlet in County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Aldergrove is a hamlet and townland sub-division in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It is within the townland of Seacash and parish of Killead – 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Antrim and 18 miles (29 km) west of Belfast. It is part of the Borough of Antrim and Newtownabbey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antrim, County Antrim</span> Town in County Antrim, Northern Ireland

Antrim is a town and civil parish in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies on the banks of the Six Mile Water on the north-east shore of Lough Neagh. It had a population of 25,606 people in the 2021 census. It is the county town of County Antrim and was the administrative centre of Antrim Borough Council until its 2015 merger with Newtownabbey Borough Council to form Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council. The town lies 14 miles (23 km) north-west of Belfast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of London</span>

London is the largest urban area and the capital city of the United Kingdom. It lies in the southeastern part of the island of Great Britain. The London region covers 1,579 square kilometres (610 sq mi), and had a population of 8.982 million in 2019 and a population density of 5,596 people per square km in 2021. A larger area—the London Metropolitan Region or the London Metropolitan Agglomeration—covers 8,382 square kilometres (3,236 sq mi) and had 12,653,500 people, at a density of 1,510 per square kilometre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boulmer</span> Human settlement in England

Boulmer is a village in Northumberland, England, on the North Sea coast east of Alnwick. It is home to RAF Boulmer. Boulmer has an independent volunteer lifeboat station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Helen's Bay</span> Village in County Down, Northern Ireland

Helen's Bay is a village on the northern coast of County Down, Northern Ireland. It is within the townland of Ballygrot, between Holywood, Crawfordsburn and Bangor. It is served by a railway station and had a population of 1,390 in the 2011 Census. It is part of the Ards and North Down Borough Council area. Helen's Bay had a population of 1,890 in 2020

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kinlochewe</span> Human settlement in Scotland

Kinlochewe is a village in Wester Ross in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland. It is in the parish of Gairloch, the community of Torridon and Kinlochewe and the Highland council area. It lies near the head of Loch Maree in its magnificent valley, and serves as a junction between the main Ullapool road north, and that which heads west to the coast at Loch Torridon. Loch Maree was at one time also known as Loch Ewe, hence the village's apparently confused name.

Delhi features a dry winter humid subtropical climate bordering a hot semi-arid climate, with high variation between summer and winter temperatures and precipitation. Delhi's version of a humid subtropical climate is markedly different from many other humid subtropical cities such as São Paulo, Houston, and Brisbane in that the city features dust storms and wildfire haze due to its semi-arid climate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Ireland</span>

The climate of Ireland is mild, humid and changeable with abundant rainfall and a lack of temperature extremes. Ireland's climate is defined as a temperate oceanic climate, or Cfb on the Köppen climate classification system, a classification it shares with most of northwest Europe. The island receives generally warm summers and cool winters.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Serbia</span>

The climate of Serbia is between a continental climate in the north, with cold dry winters, and warm, humid summers with well distributed rainfall patterns, and a more Mediterranean climate in the south with hot, dry summers and autumns and average relatively cool and more rainy winters with heavy mountain snowfall. Differences in elevation, proximity to the Adriatic Sea and Aegean Sea and large river basins, as well as exposure to the winds account for climate differences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Agra</span>

The climate of Agra features a semi-arid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season. The monsoon, though substantial in Agra, is not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. The average monsoon rainfall from June to September is 628.6 millimeters. Agra has a reputation of being one of the hottest and the coldest towns in India. In summer the city witnesses a sudden surge in temperature and at times, mercury goes beyond the 46 °C mark in addition to a very high level of humidity. During summer, the daytime temperature hovers around 46-50 °C. Nights are relatively cooler and temperature lowers to 30 °C. Winter minimum temperatures sometimes go as low as 3 or 3.5 °C but usually hover in the range of 6 to 8 °C.

Perth, the capital city of the state of Western Australia, has a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. February is the hottest month of the year, with an average high of 31.6 °C (88.9 °F), and July is the coldest month of the year, with an average low of 7.9 °C (46.2 °F). 77% of rain in Perth falls between May and September. Perth has an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3,200 hours of annual sunshine, and 138.7 clear days annually, making it the sunniest capital city in Australia.

The Nottingham Weather Centre is a functioning observation and weather station located in Watnall, Nottinghamshire in England. The weather station is located 5.6 miles (9.0 km) from the city centre of Nottingham, and is the closest weather station to Nottingham with observations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Liverpool</span>

The climate of Liverpool features a temperate maritime variety, with relatively mild summers, cool winters and rainfall spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Since 1867, rainfall and temperature records for the city have been kept at Bidston Observatory, as well as atmospheric pressure records since 1846. However, the site closed down in 2002, and a weather station in Crosby has been used by the Met Office since. Irregular meteorological observations have been taken in the city since at least 1768, with unbroken records extending for long periods of time. This includes observations taken at the Liverpool Dock from 1768 to 1798, an unspecified location from 1772 to 1799 and West Derby from 1830 to 1859 and at other unspecified locations in the city from at least 1860 onward. Continuous observations in different areas of the city have been taken since 1830. In modern times, there have also been other stations to operate in the Liverpool area, including stations at West Kirby (1912–1979), Aigburth (1967–1994), and Liverpool John Lennon Airport (1946–present).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Nottingham</span>

The climate of Nottingham features a temperate maritime climate with relatively mild summers, cool winters and abundant rainfall throughout the year. Since 1960, rainfall and temperature records for the city have been kept at the Nottingham Weather Centre in Watnall. There is also another weather station operating at the University of Nottingham's agricultural campus in Sutton Bonington.

The 2021 Britain and Ireland heat wave was a period of unusually hot weather in July 2021 that led to record-breaking temperatures in the UK and Ireland.

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