London, United Kingdom | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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According to the Koppen Climate Classification, London has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb). [1] This type of climate features cool winters with frequent cloudy skies and rain showers (and on occasion snow), and mild summers. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed all year round.
London has a very rich history of meteorological observations, with precipitation records beginning as early as January 1697 at Kew Gardens. [2] Irregular observations were made at multiple locations in the ensuing years. An observing station has been located at Greenwich since 1841, giving London its longest continuous reliable temperature series. [3] Other stations include Heathrow, beginning in 1948, [4] Hampstead, beginning in 1910, [5] Northolt, beginning in 1948, [6] and St James's Park, beginning in 1910. [7]
The highest temperature ever observed in London is 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) provisionally [8] recorded at both Heathrow Airport and St James's Park on 19 July 2022 and the lowest is −16.1 °C (3.0 °F) 1 January 1962. [9] The lowest daily maximum temperature is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) occurring on 3 occasions: 8 January 1841, 4 January 1867 and 12 January 1987. [10] The highest daily minimum temperature recorded is 25.8 °C (78.4 °F), recorded in Kenley on 19 July 2022. [11] In addition to this, London holds multiple national records, including the record maximum for the months of February, April, May and June. [12]
The city can sometimes experience extremes. Snowfall is an infrequent occurrence in winter, falling on an average of 16 days per year, though infrequently heavy. [13] Thunderstorms are a similarly occurring feature, occurring on average up to 16 days per year. [14] London rarely experiences tornadoes, although an F2 struck Kensal Green on 7 December 2006. Severe weather and extremes in temperature are uncommon.
London is vulnerable to climate change in the United Kingdom, and there is increasing concern among hydrological experts that London households may run out of water before 2050. [15]
Climatic scheme | Initials | Description |
---|---|---|
Köppen system [16] [17] | Cfb | Oceanic climate [lower-alpha 1] |
Trewartha system [18] [19] | Do | Temperate oceanic climate |
Alisov system [20] | — | Temperate climate [lower-alpha 2] |
Strahler system [21] | — | Marine west-coast |
Thornthwaite system [22] | C2 B'1 | Moist subhumid and mesothermal |
Neef system [23] [24] | — | West side/maritime climate |
Climate data for London Weather Centre, 2001-2009 seminormals | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) | 8.9 (48.0) | 11.7 (53.1) | 15.7 (60.3) | 18.5 (65.3) | 22.4 (72.3) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.2 (73.8) | 20.8 (69.4) | 16.1 (61.0) | 11.9 (53.4) | 8.6 (47.5) | 15.8 (60.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 4.7 (40.5) | 5.8 (42.4) | 8.2 (46.8) | 10.9 (51.6) | 14.1 (57.4) | 15.5 (59.9) | 15.5 (59.9) | 13.7 (56.7) | 10.9 (51.6) | 8.0 (46.4) | 5.4 (41.7) | 9.8 (49.7) |
Source 1: Weather Online [25] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Tutiempo [26] |
Climate data for St James's Park WMO ID: 03770; coordinates 51°30′18″N0°07′52″W / 51.50489°N 0.13099°W ; elevation: 5 m (16 ft); extremes 1912–present | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) | 19.7 (67.5) | 24.3 (75.7) | 29.1 (84.4) | 31.7 (89.1) | 34.6 (94.3) | 40.2 (104.4) | 36.1 (97.0) | 32.5 (90.5) | 29.1 (84.4) | 20.6 (69.1) | 16.9 (62.4) | 40.2 (104.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −9.4 (15.1) | −10.0 (14.0) | −5.6 (21.9) | −3.3 (26.1) | −0.6 (30.9) | 3.3 (37.9) | 7.2 (45.0) | 4.4 (39.9) | 1.1 (34.0) | −3.3 (26.1) | −3.9 (25.0) | −7.0 (19.4) | −10.0 (14.0) |
Source: Starlings Roost Weather [27] [28] |
Climate data for Heathrow Airport WMO ID: 03772; coordinates 51°28′45″N0°27′02″W / 51.47921°N 0.45057°W ; elevation: 25 m (82 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.0 (60.8) | 20.1 (68.2) | 23.8 (74.8) | 28.5 (83.3) | 31.8 (89.2) | 34.8 (94.6) | 40.2 (104.4) | 37.9 (100.2) | 33.0 (91.4) | 28.8 (83.8) | 18.6 (65.5) | 16.6 (61.9) | 40.2 (104.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) | 9.0 (48.2) | 11.7 (53.1) | 15.0 (59.0) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.6 (70.9) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.4 (74.1) | 20.2 (68.4) | 15.8 (60.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 8.8 (47.8) | 15.7 (60.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) | 5.8 (42.4) | 7.9 (46.2) | 10.5 (50.9) | 13.7 (56.7) | 16.8 (62.2) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.7 (65.7) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.3 (54.1) | 8.4 (47.1) | 5.9 (42.6) | 11.7 (53.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) | 2.7 (36.9) | 4.1 (39.4) | 6.0 (42.8) | 9.1 (48.4) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.1 (57.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.8 (47.8) | 5.3 (41.5) | 3.1 (37.6) | 7.8 (46.0) |
Record low °C (°F) | −13.2 (8.2) | −9.6 (14.7) | −5.1 (22.8) | −2.6 (27.3) | −0.9 (30.4) | 1.5 (34.7) | 5.6 (42.1) | 5.9 (42.6) | 1.8 (35.2) | −3.3 (26.1) | −7.0 (19.4) | −11.8 (10.8) | −13.2 (8.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 58.8 (2.31) | 45.0 (1.77) | 38.8 (1.53) | 42.3 (1.67) | 45.9 (1.81) | 47.3 (1.86) | 45.8 (1.80) | 52.8 (2.08) | 49.6 (1.95) | 65.1 (2.56) | 66.6 (2.62) | 57.1 (2.25) | 615.0 (24.21) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.5 | 9.5 | 8.5 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 8.4 | 7.9 | 10.8 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 111.7 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 61.1 | 78.8 | 124.5 | 176.7 | 207.5 | 208.4 | 217.8 | 202.1 | 157.1 | 115.2 | 70.7 | 55.0 | 1,674.8 |
Source 1: Met Office [29] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI [30] [31] |
Climate data for Kew Gardens WMO ID: 99095; coordinates 51°28′55″N0°17′40″W / 51.48186°N 0.29435°W ; elevation: 6 m (20 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) | 21.2 (70.2) | 24.5 (76.1) | 28.4 (83.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 34.6 (94.3) | 40.1 (104.2) | 38.1 (100.6) | 33.2 (91.8) | 29.2 (84.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 16.8 (62.2) | 40.1 (104.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) | 9.2 (48.6) | 11.9 (53.4) | 15.1 (59.2) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.4 (70.5) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.4 (74.1) | 20.3 (68.5) | 16.0 (60.8) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.9 (48.0) | 15.7 (60.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) | 5.6 (42.1) | 7.7 (45.9) | 10.1 (50.2) | 13.3 (55.9) | 16.2 (61.2) | 18.5 (65.3) | 18.2 (64.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 11.9 (53.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 5.6 (42.1) | 11.3 (52.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) | 2.0 (35.6) | 3.5 (38.3) | 5.1 (41.2) | 8.2 (46.8) | 11.0 (51.8) | 13.2 (55.8) | 13.0 (55.4) | 10.5 (50.9) | 7.8 (46.0) | 4.3 (39.7) | 2.3 (36.1) | 6.9 (44.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.6 (9.3) | −11.8 (10.8) | −8.3 (17.1) | −4.2 (24.4) | −1.5 (29.3) | 1.5 (34.7) | 5.3 (41.5) | 4.3 (39.7) | −1.6 (29.1) | −5.4 (22.3) | −6.6 (20.1) | −12.0 (10.4) | −12.6 (9.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 59.9 (2.36) | 45.4 (1.79) | 39.0 (1.54) | 43.6 (1.72) | 44.6 (1.76) | 49.7 (1.96) | 45.2 (1.78) | 55.1 (2.17) | 51.9 (2.04) | 67.9 (2.67) | 66.0 (2.60) | 59.2 (2.33) | 627.5 (24.70) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.8 | 9.9 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 113.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.2 | 80.7 | 128.0 | 181.0 | 213.4 | 209.8 | 221.9 | 206.5 | 152.0 | 117.4 | 69.7 | 52.7 | 1,693.2 |
Source 1: Met Office [32] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather [33] [34] |
The weather station enclosure is the most elevated of any in the London area, and as a result daytime temperatures are typically one degree lower than Heathrow, Kew, Northolt and Greenwich.
Climate data for Hampstead WMO ID: 99139; coordinates 51°33′38″N0°10′48″W / 51.56052°N 0.17995°W ; elevation: 137 m (449 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1910–2016 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) | 18.3 (64.9) | 22.8 (73.0) | 27.2 (81.0) | 30.0 (86.0) | 33.7 (92.7) | 34.4 (93.9) | 37.4 (99.3) | 33.9 (93.0) | 28.9 (84.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 15.6 (60.1) | 37.4 (99.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) | 8.1 (46.6) | 10.9 (51.6) | 14.1 (57.4) | 17.3 (63.1) | 20.4 (68.7) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.3 (72.1) | 19.1 (66.4) | 14.8 (58.6) | 10.6 (51.1) | 7.8 (46.0) | 14.7 (58.5) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) | 5.2 (41.4) | 7.3 (45.1) | 9.8 (49.6) | 12.8 (55.0) | 15.8 (60.4) | 18.0 (64.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 15.1 (59.2) | 11.6 (52.9) | 7.8 (46.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 10.9 (51.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) | 2.3 (36.1) | 3.7 (38.7) | 5.5 (41.9) | 8.3 (46.9) | 11.2 (52.2) | 13.3 (55.9) | 13.4 (56.1) | 11.1 (52.0) | 8.3 (46.9) | 5.0 (41.0) | 2.7 (36.9) | 7.3 (45.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.2 (10.0) | −12.8 (9.0) | −8.9 (16.0) | −5.6 (21.9) | −1.7 (28.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | 4.2 (39.6) | 4.5 (40.1) | 0.6 (33.1) | −3.3 (26.1) | −6.1 (21.0) | −8.4 (16.9) | −12.8 (9.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69.5 (2.74) | 51.4 (2.02) | 42.8 (1.69) | 49.6 (1.95) | 50.5 (1.99) | 58.5 (2.30) | 50.5 (1.99) | 67.7 (2.67) | 59.1 (2.33) | 78.6 (3.09) | 75.7 (2.98) | 68.3 (2.69) | 722.1 (28.43) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.1 | 10.7 | 9.1 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 119.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.0 | 76.1 | 114.2 | 155.2 | 199.2 | 193.7 | 199.8 | 188.3 | 145.5 | 106.3 | 67.2 | 54.0 | 1,559.4 |
Source 1: Met Office [35] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI [36] Starlings Roost Weather [37] [38] |
Temperature extremes range from 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) in August 2003, down to −16.1 °C (3.0 °F) in January 1962.
Climate data for RAF Northolt WMO ID: 03672; coordinates 51°32′55″N0°25′01″W / 51.54870°N 0.41689°W ; elevation: 40 m (131 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1948–present | |||||||||||||
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Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 16.2 (61.2) | 20.8 (69.4) | 24.1 (75.4) | 28.9 (84.0) | 30.6 (87.1) | 35.0 (95.0) | 40.0 (104.0) | 37.7 (99.9) | 32.7 (90.9) | 29.0 (84.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 16.8 (62.2) | 40.0 (104.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) | 8.8 (47.8) | 11.6 (52.9) | 14.8 (58.6) | 18.1 (64.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.1 (73.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 15.6 (60.1) | 11.3 (52.3) | 8.6 (47.5) | 15.4 (59.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) | 5.4 (41.7) | 7.6 (45.7) | 10.0 (50.0) | 13.2 (55.8) | 16.2 (61.2) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.1 (64.6) | 15.3 (59.5) | 11.8 (53.2) | 7.9 (46.2) | 5.5 (41.9) | 11.2 (52.2) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) | 2.0 (35.6) | 3.5 (38.3) | 5.2 (41.4) | 8.3 (46.9) | 11.3 (52.3) | 13.4 (56.1) | 13.2 (55.8) | 10.6 (51.1) | 7.9 (46.2) | 4.5 (40.1) | 2.3 (36.1) | 7.0 (44.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −16.1 (3.0) | −13.9 (7.0) | −8.0 (17.6) | −4.7 (23.5) | −2.7 (27.1) | 0.0 (32.0) | 4.4 (39.9) | 3.0 (37.4) | 0.0 (32.0) | −5.5 (22.1) | −7.5 (18.5) | −17.4 (0.7) | −17.4 (0.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 62.9 (2.48) | 49.1 (1.93) | 42.4 (1.67) | 45.6 (1.80) | 51.8 (2.04) | 50.2 (1.98) | 48.6 (1.91) | 56.6 (2.23) | 51.4 (2.02) | 70.2 (2.76) | 71.4 (2.81) | 63.1 (2.48) | 663.3 (26.11) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.6 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 9.4 | 8.5 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 11.3 | 117.0 |
Source 1: Met Office [39] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather [40] [41] |
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) | 19.7 (67.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.3 (77.5) | 29.0 (84.2) | 34.5 (94.1) | 35.3 (95.5) | 37.5 (99.5) | 30.2 (86.4) | 26.1 (79.0) | 18.9 (66.0) | 16.4 (61.5) | 37.5 (99.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.5 (47.3) | 9.2 (48.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 18.6 (65.5) | 21.4 (70.5) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.3 (73.9) | 20.3 (68.5) | 15.8 (60.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 8.9 (48.0) | 15.8 (60.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) | 6.2 (43.2) | 8.4 (47.1) | 10.7 (51.3) | 13.8 (56.8) | 16.7 (62.1) | 18.8 (65.8) | 18.7 (65.7) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 8.8 (47.8) | 6.3 (43.3) | 11.9 (53.4) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.4 (38.1) | 3.2 (37.8) | 4.7 (40.5) | 6.0 (42.8) | 9.1 (48.4) | 12.0 (53.6) | 13.9 (57.0) | 14.1 (57.4) | 11.6 (52.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 6.1 (43.0) | 3.8 (38.8) | 8.1 (46.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) | −9.4 (15.1) | −6.7 (19.9) | −4.8 (23.4) | −1.0 (30.2) | 1.1 (34.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 1.1 (34.0) | −2.1 (28.2) | −8.0 (17.6) | −10.5 (13.1) | −12.7 (9.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.9 (1.73) | 39.9 (1.57) | 36.5 (1.44) | 38.6 (1.52) | 44.0 (1.73) | 49.3 (1.94) | 36.3 (1.43) | 53.0 (2.09) | 52.4 (2.06) | 58.3 (2.30) | 59.9 (2.36) | 50.7 (2.00) | 562.9 (22.16) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.5 | 9.2 | 7.9 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.8 | 7.1 | 8.2 | 7.9 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.2 | 105.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 44.4 | 66.1 | 109.7 | 152.9 | 198.7 | 198.6 | 209.2 | 198.0 | 140.6 | 99.7 | 58.5 | 50.1 | 1,526.4 |
Source 1: Met Office [42] [43] [44] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather [45] [46] |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3.4 |
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Boulmer is a village in Northumberland, England, on the North Sea coast east of Alnwick. It is home to RAF Boulmer. Boulmer has an independent volunteer lifeboat station.
Helen's Bay is a village on the northern coast of County Down, Northern Ireland. It is within the townland of Ballygrot, between Holywood, Crawfordsburn and Bangor. It is served by a railway station and had a population of 1,390 in the 2011 Census. It is part of the Ards and North Down Borough Council area.
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Australia's climate is governed mostly by its size and by the hot, sinking air of the subtropical high pressure belt. This moves north-west and north-east with the seasons. The climate is variable, with frequent droughts lasting several seasons, thought to be caused in part by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Australia has a wide variety of climates due to its large geographical size. The largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid. Only the south-east and south-west corners have a temperate climate and moderately fertile soil. The northern part of the country has a tropical climate, varying between grasslands and desert. Australia holds many heat-related records: the continent has the hottest extended region year-round, the areas with the hottest summer climate, and the highest sunshine duration.
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Malta has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate according to the Köppen climate classification (Csa), with very mild winters and warm to hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification and the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Malta lies within the subtropical zone, being at 35ºN latitude.
The climate of Serbia is between a continental climate in the north, with cold dry winters, and warm, humid summers with well distributed rainfall patterns, and a more Mediterranean climate in the south with hot, dry summers and autumns and average relatively cool and more rainy winters with heavy mountain snowfall. Differences in elevation, proximity to the Adriatic Sea and Aegean Sea and large river basins, as well as exposure to the winds account for climate differences.
The climate of Agra features a semi-arid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season. The monsoon, though substantial in Agra, is not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. The average monsoon rainfall during June to September is 628.6 millimeters. Agra is reputation of being one of the hottest and the coldest towns in India. In summers the city witnesses a sudden surge in temperature and at times, mercury goes beyond the 46 °C mark in addition to a very high level of humidity. During summer, the daytime temperature hovers around 46-50 °C. Nights are relatively cooler and temperature lowers to 30 °C. Winter minimum temperatures sometimes goes as low as 3 or 3.5 °C but usually hovers in the range of 6 to 8 °C.
The 2013 heatwave in the United Kingdom and Ireland was a period of unusually hot weather primarily in July 2013, with isolated warm days in June and August. A prolonged high pressure system over Britain and Ireland caused higher than average temperatures for 19 consecutive days in July, reaching 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) at Heathrow and Northolt.
Perth, the capital city of the state of Western Australia, has a Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. February is the hottest month of the year, with an average high of 31.6 °C (88.9 °F), and July is the coldest month of the year, with an average low of 7.9 °C (46.2 °F). 77% of rain in Perth falls between May and September. Perth has an average of 8.8 hours of sunshine per day, which equates to around 3,200 hours of annual sunshine, and 138.7 clear days annually, making it the sunniest capital city in Australia.
The climate of Liverpool features a temperate maritime variety, with relatively mild summers, cool winters and rainfall spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Since 1867, rainfall and temperature records for the city have been kept at Bidston Observatory, as well as atmospheric pressure records since 1846. However, the site closed down in 2002, and a weather station in Crosby has been used by the Met Office since. Irregular meteorological observations have been taken in the city since at least 1768, with unbroken records extending for long periods of time. This includes observations taken at the Liverpool Dock from 1768 to 1798, an unspecified location from 1772 to 1799 and West Derby from 1830 to 1859 and at other unspecified locations in the city from at least 1860 onward. Continuous observations in different areas of the city have been taken since 1830. In modern times, there have also been other stations to operate in the Liverpool area, including stations at West Kirby (1912–1979), Aigburth (1967–1994), and Liverpool John Lennon Airport (1946–present).
The climate of Nottingham features a temperate maritime climate with relatively mild summers, cool winters and abundant rainfall throughout the year. Since 1960, rainfall and temperature records for the city have been kept at the Nottingham Weather Centre in Watnall. There is also another weather station operating at the University of Nottingham's agricultural campus in Sutton Bonington.
The 2021 Britain and Ireland heat wave was a period of unusually hot weather in July 2021 that led to record-breaking temperatures in the UK and Ireland.
London already receives about half the amount of rain that falls in New York City, and climate change will increase the frequency and intensity of droughts in the region