New Testament manuscript | |
![]() Folio 148 verso | |
Name | Monacensis |
---|---|
Sign | X |
Text | Gospels |
Date | 9th/10th century |
Script | Greek |
Now at | Munich University Library |
Size | 37.5 cm by 25.5 cm |
Type | Byzantine text-type |
Category | V |
Codex Monacensis, designated by X or 033 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), A3 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels written on parchment. The manuscript contains commentary from several church fathers. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 9th or 10th century. [1] [2] The manuscript has several gaps, and has been rebound at least once. [1] [2]
It is a witness to the passage of John 7:53-8:11 being omitted. [3]
The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing the text of the four Gospels written on 160 thick parchment leaves (37.5 cm by 25.5 cm) in brown ink. [3] It has survived in a fragmentary condition, with several leaves from the Gospels of Matthew and Mark missing. [4] [2] The text was written in two columns, 45 lines per page, [1] in small, upright uncial letters, by a "very elegant" hand, [4] with breathing marks, accents and some compressed letters. [3] The codex contains the four Gospels in the order of: John, Luke, Mark and Matthew, though the original order was Matthew, John, Luke and Mark, named the "Western Order". [5] [3] [4] According to Biblical scholar Caspar René Gregory, "der Buchbinder hat alles in Unordnung gebracht" (the bookbinder has messed everything up). [2]
The text of the Gospels contains a patristic commentary (except for Mark) written in minuscule letters. [2] [5] The commentary in Matthew and John is from the writings of John Chrysostom, and for some of Luke it is from Pseudo-Titus of Bostra. [3] [4] Though most of the commentary in Luke is between the verses, on the reverse side of folio 71 and both sides of folio 72, the commentary (from Origen and other early writers) has been written around the text in a later hand to the original. [6]
There are no divisions such as titles (known as τίτλοι / titloi), and the Ammonian sections and Eusebian Canons (both early systems of dividing the Gospels into sections) are absent. [4] The texts of Matthew 16:2b–3 and John 7:53-8:11 are omitted, [2] [3] though the Gospel of Mark has the longer ending.
The Greek text of this codex is considered a representative of the Byzantine text-type, with occasional readings deemed to be from the Alexandrian text-type. Textual critic Kurt Aland placed it in Category V of his New Testament manuscript classification system. [1] Category V manuscripts are described as "manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text." [1] : 336
The codex was examined by philologist and historian Josef Dobrovský, who collated some of its readings for textual critic Johann Jakob Griesbach. [9] [4] Biblical scholar Johann M. A. Scholz collated it again, however the collation was considered poor. [9] [4] Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf collated its text again in 1844, and again by biblical scholar Samuel Prideaux Tregelles in 1846. [9] Burgon examined the manuscript in 1872. [2] [4]
The codex was held in Innsbruck in 1757. It has been in Rome, Ingolstadt (as a present from Gerard Vossius (1577–1649)), and in 1827 it arrived in Munich. [2] [4] The manuscript is currently located in the Munich University Library (fol. 30), in Munich, Germany. [1] [5] [10]
The Codex Sinaiticus, designated by siglum א [Aleph] or 01, δ 2, also called Sinai Bible, is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old Testament, including the deuterocanonical books, and the Greek New Testament, with both the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas included. It is written in uncial letters on parchment. It is one of the four great uncial codices. Along with Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Vaticanus, it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible, and contains the oldest complete copy of the New Testament. It is a historical treasure, and using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the mid-fourth century.
The Codex Vaticanus, designated by siglum B or 03, δ 1, is a Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old Testament and the majority of the Greek New Testament. It is one of the four great uncial codices. Along with Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Sinaiticus, it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 4th century.
The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus designated by the siglum C or 04, δ 3, is a manuscript of the Greek Bible, written on parchment. It contains most of the New Testament and some Old Testament books, with sizeable portions missing. It is one of the four great uncials. The manuscript is not intact: its current condition contains material from every New Testament book except 2 Thessalonians and 2 John; however, only six books of the Greek Old Testament are represented. It is not known whether 2 Thessalonians and 2 John were excluded on purpose, or whether no fragment of either epistle happened to survive.
Codex Koridethi, also named Codex Coridethianus, designated by siglum Θ or 038, ε050, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 9th century CE. The manuscript has several gaps.
Codex Washingtonianus, Codex Washingtonensis or Codex Freerianus, designated by W or 032, ε014, also called the Washington Manuscript of the Gospels, The Freer Gospel and The Freer Codex, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 4th or 5th century. The manuscript has some gaps.
The Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus, designated by N or 022, ε19, is a Greek New Testament codex containing the four Gospels written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 6th century CE.
Codex Basilensis, designated by Ee, 07 or ε 55, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 8th century.
Uncial 030, designated by siglum U or 030, ε 90, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript has complex contents, with full marginalia.
Codex Cyprius, designated by Ke or 017, ε71, or Codex Colbertinus 5149, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, written on parchment. It is one of the few uncial manuscripts with the complete text of the four Gospels, and it is one of the more important late uncial manuscripts. It was brought from Cyprus to Paris.
Codex Regius, designated by siglum Le or 019, ε56, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the 8th century. The manuscript has several gaps. Textual critic Frederick H. A. Scrivener described it as "by far the most remarkable document of its age and class."
Codex Porphyrianus designated by Papr or 025, α 3, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Acts of Apostles, Pauline epistles, and General epistles, with some lacunae, dated paleographically to the 9th century. It is one of a few uncial manuscripts that include the Book of Revelation.
Codex Tischendorfianus IV – designated by Γ or 036, ε 70 – is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 10th century. The manuscript is lacunose.
Codex Sangallensis, designated by Δ or 037, ε76, is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the four Gospels. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is usually dated to the 9th century CE, though a few palaeographers would place it in the 10th century CE. It was given its current name by biblical scholar Johann Martin Augustin Scholz in 1830.
Codex Tischendorfianus III – designated by siglum Λ or 039, ε 77 – is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th or 10th century.
Codex Zacynthius (designated by siglum Ξ or 040 in the Gregory-Aland numbering; A1 in von Soden) is a Greek New Testament codex, dated paleographically to the 6th century. First thought to have been written in the 8th century, it is a palimpsest—the original (lower) text was washed off its vellum pages and overwritten in the 12th or 13th century. The upper text of the palimpsest contains weekday Gospel lessons (ℓ299); the lower text contains portions of the Gospel of Luke, deciphered by biblical scholar and palaeographer Tregelles in 1861. The lower text is of most interest to scholars.
Codex Petropolitanus, designated by Π or 041, ε 73, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th-century. The manuscript is lacunose.
Minuscule 892, ε 1016, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 9th century.
Minuscule 28, ε 168, formerly known as Colbertinus 4705, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 11th-century. It contains marginal notes (marginalia), and has several gaps.
Minuscule 579, ε 376, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 13th century. It was formerly labelled as 80e. The manuscript has some missing portions of text.
Textual variants in the Gospel of Mark are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.