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Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae. In most classification schemes, Amoebozoa is ranked as a phylum within either the kingdom Protista or the kingdom Protozoa. In the classification favored by the International Society of Protistologists, it is retained as an unranked "supergroup" within Eukaryota. Molecular genetic analysis supports Amoebozoa as a monophyletic clade. Most phylogenetic trees identify it as the sister group to Opisthokonta, another major clade which contains both fungi and animals as well as some 300 species of unicellular protists. Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes grouped together in a high-level taxon, variously named Unikonta, Amorphea or Opimoda.
Lobosa is a taxonomic group of amoebae in the phylum Amoebozoa. Most lobosans possess broad, bluntly rounded pseudopods, although one genus in the group, the recently discovered Sapocribrum, has slender and threadlike (filose) pseudopodia. In current classification schemes, Lobosa is a subphylum, composed mainly of amoebae that have lobose pseudopods but lack cilia or flagella.
Unikonts or Amorphea are members of a taxonomic supergroup that includes the basal Amoebozoa and Obazoa. That latter contains the Opisthokonta, which includes the Fungi, Animals and the Choanomonada, or Choanoflagellates. The taxonomic affinities of the members of this clade were originally described and proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002.
The Hartmannellidae are a family of amoebozoa, usually found in soils. When active they tend to be roughly cylindrical in shape, with a single leading pseudopod and no subpseudopodia. This form somewhat resembles a slug and as such they are also called limax amoebae. Trees based on rRNA show the Hartmannellidae as usually defined are paraphyletic to the Amoebidae, which may adopt similar forms.
Difflugia is the largest genus of Arcellinida, one of several groups of Tubulinea within the eukaryote supergroup Amoebozoa. Arcellinida species produce shells or tests from mineral particles or biogeonic elements and are thus commonly referred to as testate amoebae or shelled amoebae. Difflugia are particularly common in marshes and other freshwater habitats.
Discosea is a class of Amoebozoa, consisting of naked amoebae with a flattened, discoid body shape. Members of the group do not produce tubular or subcylindrical pseudopodia, like amoebae of the class Tubulinea. When a discosean is in motion, a transparent layer called hyaloplasm forms at the leading edge of the cell. In some discoseans, short "subpseudopodia" may be extended from this hyaloplasm, but the granular contents of the cell do not flow into these, as in true pseudopodia. Discosean amoebae lack hard shells, but some, like Cochliopodium and Korotnevella secrete intricate organic scales which may cover the upper (dorsal) surface of the cell. No species have flagella or flagellated stages of life.
Phalansterium is a genus of single-celled flagellated organisms comprising several species, which form colonies. Phalansterium produces tetraspores.
Himatismenida is an Amoebozoa order, in the class Discosea, along with Glycostylida and Dermamoebida. It contains species such asCochliopodium gallicum.
Acanthamoebidae is a family of single-celled eukaryotes within the group Amoebozoa.
Conosa is a grouping of Amoebozoa. It is subdivided into three groups – Archamoebae, Variosea (paraphyletic) and Mycetozoa (polyphyletic).
Paramoebidae is a family of Amoebozoa, classified under Dactylopodida. It has also been classified under gymnamoebae. It includes the genera Korotnevella, Hollandella, and Paramoeba.
Rhizamoeba is an Amoebozoa genus.
Sappinia pedata is a species of Amoebozoa. Sappinia is a free-living amoeba, found in the environment. This organism can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), However, only one case of GAE due to S. pedata infection has ever been reported, and the patient survived without any long-term consequences.
Macromycetozoa is a grouping of Amoebozoa.
Multicilia is a flagellated genus of Amoebozoa.
The Archaeplastida+HC+SAR megagroup is a group of eukaryotes proposed by Burki et al. (2008).
The Flabellinia are a subclass of Amoebozoa. During locomotion the cells are flattened and have a clear layer called hyaloplasm along the front margin. Some form slender subpseudopodia projecting outward from the hyaloplasm, but the cell mass does not flow into these as in true pseudopodia, and advances without a definite central axis as in the Tubulinea. They also lack distinctive features like shells and flagella, and are united mainly by evidence from molecular trees.
Centropyxidae is a family of Amoebozoa.
Obazoa is a proposed sister clade of Amoebozoa. Obazoa is composed of Breviatea, Apusomonadida and Opisthokonta, and specifically excludes the Amoebozoa. Determining the placement of Breviatea and Apusomonadida and their properties is of interest for the development of the opisthokonts in which the main lineages of animals and fungi emerged. The relationships among opisthokonts, breviates and apusomonads are not conclusively resolved, though Breviatea is usually inferred to be the most basal of the three lineages. Ribosomal RNA phylogenies do not usually recover Obazoa as a clade, probably reflecting their stemming from a very ancient common ancestor, and little phylogenetic signal remains in datasets consisting of one or a few genes.
The Scotokaryotes (Cavalier-Smith) or Opimoda is a proposed basal Neokaryote clade as sister of the Diaphoratickes. Basal Scotokaryote groupings are the Metamonads, the Malawimonas and the Podiata. The Discoba are sometimes seen as paraphyletic and basal Eukaryotes.
References
- ↑ Siemensma, F.J. "Echinamoebida". Microworld, world of amoeboid organisms. Kortenhoef, the Netherlands. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
- ↑ Kudryavtsev A, Wylezich C, Schlegel M, Walochnik J, Michel R (February 2009). "Ultrastructure, SSU rRNA gene sequences and phylogenetic relationships of Flamella Schaeffer, 1926 (Amoebozoa), with description of three new species". Protist. 160 (1): 21–40. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.09.004. PMID 19036635.
- ↑ "www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" . Retrieved 2009-05-05.
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