Community fridge

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Community fridge and public bookcase in New York City Community Fridge Fredric Douglas Housing New York City - Side View (cropped).jpg
Community fridge and public bookcase in New York City

A community fridge is a refrigerator (colloquially "fridge") located in a public space. Sometimes called freedges, they are a type of mutual aid project that enables food to be shared within a community. Some community fridges also have an associated area for non-perishable food. Unlike traditional food pantries, these grassroots projects encourage anyone to put food in and take food out without limit, helping to remove the stigma from its use. [1] The fridges take a decentralized approach, often being maintained by a network of volunteers, community members, local businesses, and larger organizations. Food in community fridges is primarily donated by individuals or food rescue organizations and can be sourced from a variety of places. Major grocers like Trader Joe's and Whole Foods donate large amounts of excess foods to food rescue organizations that then donate to these fridges. [2] The food donated would have otherwise been thrown out.

Contents

The main aim of community fridges is to reduce food insecurity, while also mitigating food waste. They enable people facing hardship to have easy access to fresh, nutritious food. Fridges offer a wide range of food from canned goods to fresh produce to pre-cooked meals. Pre-cooked meals are required to be labeled when donated. Many fridges also accept household items, sanitary goods, and during the COVID-19 pandemic, offered masks and other PPE. [3] Community fridges can also serve as social spaces that enable people to connect to their communities; Shelterforce magazine notes that "community fridges seem to have discovered a sweet spot in service delivery: close enough to feel the warmth of shared humanity, but far enough to avoid a sense of resentment or burden." [4] Many fridges also painted by from local artists. [5]

History

A community fridge in a church alcove in Botley (UK) with bread box on top and blue box of nonperishables on the chair Community fridge in church alcove in Botley UK.jpg
A community fridge in a church alcove in Botley (UK) with bread box on top and blue box of nonperishables on the chair

The first community fridges were set up in Germany, [6] by a group called Foodsharing. The next community fridge was started in Spain in 2015. [7] Community fridges draw inspiration from previous food initiatives. [8]

In the UK, early community fridges were set up at Frome, [9] South Derbyshire, [10] Brixton (London), [11] and Botley (Oxford). [12] A national network of community fridges was set up in July 2017 by the environmental charity Hubbub UK, which offers a free support service to new projects. [13]

Community fridges are a rapidly-growing phenomenon, with fridges also recently set up in New Zealand, [14] India, [15] Israel, [16] the Netherlands, [17] and Canada (Community Fridges Toronto has seven fridges). [18]

COVID-19 pandemic

Community fridges have recently made a wide emergence in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, community fridges were developed in response to a significant increase in food insecurity. [19] In New York City, community fridges, nicknamed "Friendly Fridges", were introduced in February 2020, the first one placed by an activist group, In Our Hearts. In Our Hearts has now set up at least 14 of the 70 fridges around New York City. [1] [20] In Philadelphia, Dr. Michelle Nelson launched a Mama-Tee Community Fridge in North Philly, now there are 18 of them.

Food Drive at Boston's Dorchester Community Fridge Dorchester Community Fridge.jpg
Food Drive at Boston's Dorchester Community Fridge

Using New York City as a model, community fridges have popped up in cities across the U.S. including Los Angeles, [21] Philadelphia, [22] Chicago, [23] Atlanta, [24] and more. As of September 2021, Los Angeles County has 14 community fridges. [25] In Chicago, as of September 2021, there are 26 community fridges providing support to the community. [26] The Love Fridge is a mutual aid network placing community refrigerators across the city. [27] In Atlanta, Georgia, Latisha Springer, started Free99Fridge, a grassroots organization providing food to communities through their community fridge network. [28] The organization maintains five community fridges throughout the metro Atlanta area.

In the Greater Boston Area, the first community fridge was started in Jamaica Plain in September 2020. [29] Soon after, another fridge emerged in the neighborhood of Dorchester, Boston's largest neighborhood. As of September 2021, fridges in the neighborhoods of Allston, Fenway, Mattapan, and Roslindale have emerged, as well as in the cities of Somerville, Cambridge, Worcester. [30]

In Thailand, entrepreneur Supakit Kulchartvijit's Pantry of Sharing pantry cabinets, a variation on the community fridges, was launched in May 2020 in Bangkok and Rayong. [31] Thailand's SCG Foundation emulated Kulchartvijit's initiative, putting up a total 60 pantry cabinets in the country by May 25, 2020. [32]

The following year in the Philippines as the pandemic dragged on, a trend utilizing a similar concept emerged across the country. Small carts carrying essential items were parked along sidewalks for locals to obtain any of the items without charge. The first such cart to be reported was started by the Members Church of God International [33] on March 14, 2021. [34]

Also in the Philippines, a similar idea under the term "community pantry" [35] was started on Maginhawa Street in the Teacher's Village neighborhood of Quezon City on April 14, 2021. [35] This initiative gained a wider media coverage than the MCGI initiative, resulting in the mushrooming of hundreds of similar initiatives throughout the country. [36] In about a week after the Maginhawa pantry's launch, more than 100 pantries were set up in various locations; [37] a week thereafter more than 300 pantries had already been set up. [38]

Following the Maginhawa movement's example in the Philippines, various community pantries were set up in East Timor. [39] [40]

Japan

Japan's first full-service public refrigerator was installed at the entrance of La Campana Kisoya Building by Kisoya Co., Ltd. on June 17, 2020 (Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture). Launched as Public Refrigerator Freego. Public refrigerators are available freely in the same way as in Europe. Installed as a countermeasure for food sharing and zero food waste. Made as one of the measures to prevent hunger. It works as a refrigerator for local use. In July 2021, it was installed at Komachi Plus Komachi Cafe, an authorized non-profit organization in Totsuka District. [41]

France

After Marseille, Nantes and Metz 2, the first solidarity refrigerator in Paris appeared in the 18th arrondissement, on the sidewalk in front of the restaurant La Cantine, [42] at 18 rue Ramey, at the initiative of the associations Cap ou pas cap, Le Carillon, and the owner of the restaurant Dumia Metboul, who discovered the concept in London. [43] On December 15, 2017, Cap ou pas cap opened the solidarity refrigerator in front of the store Les Nouveaux Robinson in the 12th arrondissement. Every day it is filled with unsold merchants from this small distribution area, who also monitor its contents morning and evening, ensuring that food hygiene standards are met. Typical refrigerator temperature should be 40 degrees Fahrenheit. [44] Every month the store sends 300 kg of unsold goods there. [45] As of April 16, 2019, the Montreux association bar-restaurant Rêv Café has installed a cooperative refrigerator at the initiative of the Montreux association l'Esprit Léger. [46]

Challenges

In Berlin, community fridges were designed by the Foodsharing.de community as a social innovation to improve accessibility for the people most in need, who experienced gatekeeping effects from the need to use the online matchmaking service or to have personal connections with volunteers. [47]

Challenges surrounding community fridges include maintaining cleanliness, ensuring food safety, and making sure that mutual aid model of community fridges is not abused (e.g. for for-profit resale). In the UK, setting up a community fridge requires: a rota of volunteers to clean the fridge and check the food; public liability insurance; the support of the local authority environmental health officer; and, evidently, a fridge and associated waste bins. [48] Several community fridges in Germany were threatened with closure due to health concerns. [49]

Community fridges are sometimes criticized for not providing a systemic solution to food insecurity. [50] Fridges are needed by those who are actively hungry or do not have the means to access nutritious food, but do not address underlying causes of food insecurity. [51]

Fridges are occasionally criticized for not addressing the needs of a community. [52] In the USA, during a phase of rapid expansion, community fridges were sometime set up without consultation with the local community by people external to that community, accidentally reproducing some patterns of control typical of centrally managed food aid systems. [53] To address such concerns, "The Love Fridge models partnership with community-based organisations run by Black and Brown individuals experienced in food security work for mutual benefit". [54]

Often, food provided to the fridge does not meet the cultural and nutrition needs of the community. [52] In addition, there is often controversy surrounding the legality of community fridges. [55] Policies addressing maintaining a community fridge vary widely from community to community. In some USA states, fridges must be placed on private property, which makes them dependent on the owners willingness to participate. [56] In Boston's Allston Neighborhood, the Allston community fridge was forced to move because new property owners were no longer willing to house them. [57] In Chicago, residents worried about their landlord's reaction to a fridge located in their building. [54] In New York, experiments were paired with initiatives to reuse abandoned publicly owned property and vacant lots. [47]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World Food Programme</span> Food-assistance branch of the UN

The World Food Programme (WFP) is an international organization within the United Nations that provides food assistance worldwide. It is the world's largest humanitarian organization and the leading provider of school meals. Founded in 1961, WFP is headquartered in Rome and has offices in 87 countries. In 2023 it supported over 152 million people, and it is present in more than 120 countries and territories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunger</span> Sustained inability to eat sufficient food

In politics, humanitarian aid, and the social sciences, hunger is defined as a condition in which a person does not have the physical or financial capability to eat sufficient food to meet basic nutritional needs for a sustained period. In the field of hunger relief, the term hunger is used in a sense that goes beyond the common desire for food that all humans experience, also known as an appetite. The most extreme form of hunger, when malnutrition is widespread, and when people have started dying of starvation through lack of access to sufficient, nutritious food, leads to a declaration of famine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security</span> Measure of the availability and accessibility of food

Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. The availability of food for people of any class and state, gender or religion is another element of food security. Similarly, household food security is considered to exist when all the members of a family, at all times, have access to enough food for an active, healthy life. Individuals who are food-secure do not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Food security includes resilience to future disruptions of food supply. Such a disruption could occur due to various risk factors such as droughts and floods, shipping disruptions, fuel shortages, economic instability, and wars. Food insecurity is the opposite of food security: a state where there is only limited or uncertain availability of suitable food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Refrigerator</span> Appliance for cold food storage

A refrigerator, commonly shortened to fridge, is a commercial and home appliance consisting of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump that transfers heat from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the room temperature. Refrigeration is an essential food storage technique around the world. The low temperature reduces the reproduction rate of bacteria, so the refrigerator lowers the rate of spoilage. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water. The optimal temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C. A freezer is a specialized refrigerator, or portion of a refrigerator, that maintains its contents’ temperature below the freezing point of water. The refrigerator replaced the icebox, which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half. The United States Food and Drug Administration recommends that the refrigerator be kept at or below 4 °C (40 °F) and that the freezer be regulated at −18 °C (0 °F).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Feeding America</span> US nonprofit organization and food bank network

Feeding America is a United States–based non-profit organization that is a nationwide network of more than 200 food banks that feed more than 46 million people through food pantries, soup kitchens, shelters, and other community-based agencies. Forbes ranks it as the largest U.S. charity by revenue. Feeding America was known as America's Second Harvest until August 31, 2008.

Connecticut Foodshare is a nonprofit organization based in Wallingford, Connecticut. It serves as the sole food bank for all of Connecticut.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Houston Food Bank</span>

The Houston Food Bank (HFB) is a non-profit organization and the nation's largest food bank by distribution; providing access to 207 million nutritious meals in 18 counties in southeast Texas. The food bank's operations are made possible through a network of 1,800 community partners alongside their partner food banks in Montgomery County, Galveston and Brazos Valley. Headed by its current President and CEO, Brian Greene, the Houston Food Bank is a member organization of Feeding America, with a four-star rating from Charity Navigator. The Houston Food Bank, which bares the mission statement of Food for Better Lives, continues to be acknowledged for its community impact. Notable recognitions include Food bank of the Year in 2015, presented by Feeding America and the Pinnacle winner in 2012 and 2014, presented by the Better Business Bureau.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food rescue</span> Recovery and donation of wasted edible food

Food rescue, also called food recovery, food salvage or surplus food redistribution, is the practice of gleaning edible food that would otherwise go to waste from places such as farms, produce markets, grocery stores, restaurants, or dining facilities and distributing it to local emergency food programs.

Mutual aid is an organizational model where voluntary, collaborative exchanges of resources and services for common benefit take place amongst community members to overcome social, economic, and political barriers to meeting common needs. This can include physical resources like food, clothing, or medicine, as well as services like breakfast programs or education. These groups are often built for the daily needs of their communities, but mutual aid groups are also found throughout relief efforts, such as in natural disasters or pandemics like COVID-19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hunger in the United States</span> Food insecurity

Hunger in the United States of America affects millions of Americans, including some who are middle class, or who are in households where all adults are in work. The United States produces far more food than it needs for domestic consumption—hunger within the U.S. is caused by some Americans having insufficient money to buy food for themselves or their families. Additional causes of hunger and food insecurity include neighborhood deprivation and agricultural policy. Hunger is addressed by a mix of public and private food aid provision. Public interventions include changes to agricultural policy, the construction of supermarkets in underserved neighborhoods, investment in transportation infrastructure, and the development of community gardens. Private aid is provided by food pantries, soup kitchens, food banks, and food rescue organizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic</span>

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted the international and domestic economies. Thus, many organizations, private individuals, religious institutions and governments have created different charitable drives, concerts and other events to lessen the economic impact felt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</span>

The economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States has been widely disruptive, adversely affecting travel, financial markets, employment, shipping, and other industries. The impacts can be attributed not just to government intervention to contain the virus, but also to consumer and business behavior to reduce exposure to and spread of the virus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic</span> Famines related to the pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, food insecurity intensified in many places. In the second quarter of 2020, there were multiple warnings of famine later in the year. In an early report, the Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) Oxfam-International talks about "economic devastation" while the lead-author of the UNU-WIDER report compared COVID-19 to a "poverty tsunami". Others talk about "complete destitution", "unprecedented crisis", "natural disaster", "threat of catastrophic global famine". The decision of the WHO on 11 March 2020, to qualify COVID as a pandemic, that is "an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people" also contributed to building this global-scale disaster narrative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rethink Food</span> New York based food insecurity non-profit organization

Rethink Food NYC Inc, commonly called Rethink Food or just Rethink, is a non-profit organization based in New York City. The organization was founded to address hunger in the United States by contributing to a sustainable and equitable food system. Rethink collects excess food from restaurants, grocery stores, and corporate kitchens to provide nutritious meals for people living without food security at low or no-cost. The organization expanded its operations in March 2020 to meet growing food demands amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

Food insecurity is an issue affecting many American college students. While hunger in the United States affects all age groups, food insecurity seems to be especially prevalent among students. Studies have found that students of color are disproportionately affected. Students can be especially vulnerable to hunger during their first year, as it may be the first time they've lived away from home. The rising cost of education is another driver of food insecurity among students. Experiencing a period of chronic hunger can impact a student's mental health, and can lead to lower academic performance. Measures taken to alleviate hunger among students includes the establishment of food pantries in several US universities.

Breaktime is a 501(c)(3) non-profit based in Boston, Massachusetts which works to reduce young adult homelessness through transitional employment.

Community Fridges Toronto (CFTO) is a network of public fridges with free food run by volunteers in Toronto, Ontario, Canada with the intent of providing mutual aid to those in need, such as the homeless and people with food insecurity. The network was co-created by Jalil Bokhari and his friend Julian Bentivegna to help support the homeless population in the Alexandra Park neighborhood in Toronto. As of May 2022, there are eight CFTO fridges in Toronto.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Community pantries in the Philippines</span> Food banks in the Philippines during the COVID-19 lockdown

Community pantries in the Philippines are food banks established by Filipinos during the country's COVID-19 community quarantine.

Humanist Mutual Aid Network (HuMAN) is a 501c3 non-profit in California. HuMAN was founded by Hank Pellissier, who stated in an interview that the organization "works toward a world with humanist values that respects science, secular education, sustainability, kindness, peace and democracy". The nonprofit provides secular support to at-risk populations internationally, via educational opportunities, technological solutions, health assistance and small business grants. HuMAN's work funds secular education, humanist students, women's collectives, orphans, safe houses, and helplines. It also offers internships in Africa & India Development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Love Fridge Chicago</span> Mutual aid project

The Love Fridge Chicago, located in Chicago, Illinois is a mutual aid group addressing food waste and food insecurity by providing community fridges. The Love Fridge was started by numerous co-founders in July 2020 after seeing similar efforts in New York during the COVID-19 pandemic and completely operates on volunteer work and donations from local community residents.

References

  1. 1 2 Rosa, Amanda; Keith, Stephanie (July 8, 2020). "See That Fridge on the Sidewalk? It's Full of Free Food". The New York Times.
  2. ↑ Oung, Katherine (February 17, 2021). "The rise of community fridges". Vox. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  3. ↑ DiBenedetto, Chase (January 9, 2021). "A guide to community fridges, from volunteering to starting your own". Mashable. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  4. ↑ Glenn, Ezra Haber (February 24, 2021). "Community Fridges Provide Vital and Visible Relief in the War on Hunger". Shelterforce. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  5. ↑ Crawford, Iris (September 2, 2020). "Local Artists Beautify Community Fridges as COVID-19 Continues". Oakland Voices. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Lebensmittel teilen, statt wegwerfen - foodsharing Deutschland". foodsharing.de.
  7. ↑ Kassam, Ashifa (June 25, 2015). "The solidarity fridge: Spanish town's cool way to cut food waste". The Guardian.
  8. ↑ "Officials Are Not Chill About The Community Fridges Popping Up Around LA". LAist. August 26, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Community Fridge Frome".
  10. ↑ "Swadlincote's Community Fridge". October 24, 2016.
  11. ↑ "A community fridge has opened in London to make sure food isn't going to waste". Independent.co.uk . February 16, 2017.
  12. ↑ "Botley community fridge". September 30, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Community Fridge Network to bring social value to food waste fight". Resource Magazine.
  14. ↑ "Everything you need to know about Auckland's Community Fridge". November 23, 2016.
  15. ↑ "This community fridge in Versova makes sure no one goes hungry - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". April 23, 2017.
  16. ↑ "Log into Facebook". Facebook.{{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  17. ↑ Engbers, Pascal (October 29, 2020). "Jumbo opent solidaire koelkast tegen probleem van stijgende armoede". Adformatie (in Dutch). Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  18. ↑ Kwong, Evelyn (March 7, 2021). "'Take what you need, leave what you can': How a Toronto network is transforming the way we think about food insecurity". Toronto Star . Retrieved March 8, 2021.
  19. ↑ Chaidez, Alexandra (June 20, 2021). "'There is still really a need for this': Community fridges charge on as pandemic wanes - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  20. ↑ "Two Community Fridges In Peril Days Before Thanksgiving". www.ny1.com. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
  21. ↑ James, Julissa (July 17, 2020). "Community fridges show up in L.A. neighborhoods to feed those in need". LA Times.
  22. ↑ "Woman Creates Philly's First Community Fridge to Help Those in Need Amid Pandemic". NBC10 Philadelphia.
  23. ↑ Johnson, Christen A. (August 24, 2020). "Community refrigerators throughout Chicago offer free, healthy food". chicagotribune.com.
  24. ↑ Zauner, Brooke (August 28, 2020). "Atlanta entrepreneur battles food insecurity with community fridges". FOX 5 Atlanta.
  25. ↑ "Bubble - Visual Programming". Bubble. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  26. ↑ "Find A Fridge". The Love Fridge Chicago. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  27. ↑ "Chicago's 'Love Fridge' Project Offers Stigma-Free Food To Residents In Need". WBEZ Chicago. December 24, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  28. ↑ McKibben, Beth (August 27, 2020). "An Atlanta Entrepreneur Launches a Free Community Fridge Initiative to Combat Food Insecurity". Eater Atlanta. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  29. ↑ "Take What You Need, Leave What You Can At A Community Fridge In Boston". www.wbur.org. September 17, 2020.
  30. ↑ Nanos, Janelle (September 25, 2020). "To combat hunger, neighbors are stocking community fridges on Boston's streets - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com.
  31. ↑ "'Pantry of Sharing': community pantries help Thais in need during COVID-19". www.tourismthailand.org. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  32. ↑ "SCG Foundation Deploys Over 60 "Pantry of Sharing" Cabinets Nationwide". SCG Foundation. May 25, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  33. ↑ "MCGI Free Store, global launch sa March 14, 2021". Radyo La Verdad. March 9, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  34. ↑ Rivera, Jerah May (April 14, 2021). "LOOK: Las Piñas store gives free groceries to residents". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  35. 1 2 Cabato, Regine (April 21, 2021). "Community pantries offer reprieve from covid-19 hardships in the Philippines". The Washington Post .
  36. ↑ Del Mundo, Rubi (April 21, 2021). "Mutual Aid, Community Pantries Bring Out the Best in Filipinos and the Worst in Duterte's Inhumane Regime". Philippine Revolution Web Central.
  37. ↑ Dancel, Raul (April 20, 2021). "Community pantries sprout across the Philippines amid flailing govt response to Covid-19 pandemic". The Straits Times. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  38. ↑ Valenzuela, Nikka G. (April 22, 2021). "Despite 'red-tagging,' community pantries rise to 350, says advocate" . Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  39. ↑ Sarao, Zacarian (April 22, 2021). "Timor-Leste takes leaf out of PH's book, sets up own community pantry". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
  40. ↑ "More PH-inspired community pantries open in Timor-Leste". www.pna.gov.ph.
  41. ↑ "Introducing the Community Refrigerator". townnews.co.jp. July 9, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  42. ↑ "Paris : un troisième frigo solidaire". leparisien.fr. February 2, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  43. ↑ "Frigos Solidaires : des frigos en libre-service pour les plus démunis". francetvinfo.fr. February 13, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  44. ↑ "Why is my GE Refrigerator Not Cooling: A Step-by-Step Guide". sacramentoappliancerepairs.com. April 24, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  45. ↑ "Installer un garde-manger et frigo solidaire devant un magasin" (PDF). capoupascap.info. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  46. ↑ "Montreuil". April 18, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  47. 1 2 Morrow, Oona (July 2, 2019). "Community Self-Organizing and the Urban Food Commons in Berlin and New York". Sustainability. 11 (13): 3641. doi: 10.3390/su11133641 . hdl: 2262/96833 . ISSN   2071-1050. However, in scaling these practices, the organizers in these initiatives became concerned about whether or not their innovations were actually accessible to those community members most impacted by food insecurity or land vacancy. They thus devised offline and place based social innovations (a community fridge and the "This Land is Your Land" sign) along with social support systems (of paid and unpaid community organizers) to ensure that their innovations had the desired impact. The result is a community self-organizing infrastructure made up of both social and technical innovations. [...] Surplus food and vacant land have significantly different terms of access. Food that is distributed through foodsharing.de is not "owned" by anyone. Yet access to this food (except when it is distributed through the community fridges) is still mediated through interpersonal relationships of trust and reciprocity. Furthermore, access to the food-saving logistics side of the platform is restricted to those who can demonstrate that they understand the rules by passing a very tricky online food-saver quiz. However, access to surplus food is to a large degree controlled by any and all foodsharing.de members, who can practice varying degrees of inclusion or exclusion.
  48. ↑ "Botley community fridge -". foodforcharities.wordpress.com. May 20, 2020.
  49. ↑ "Berlin's Public Refrigerators Were Just Declared a Health Hazard". Bloomberg. February 12, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Freedge Movement: Grassroots Efforts Fight Food Insecurity With Free Refrigerators". NPR.org. September 29, 2020.
  51. ↑ Food, Change; Box 139, P. O.; New York, NY 10276. "Community Fridges". Change Food. Retrieved September 27, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  52. 1 2 "Op-ed: Why Those Community Fridges Won't Solve Hunger". Civil Eats. July 30, 2020. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  53. ↑ Arons, Anna (April 4, 2022). "An Unintended Abolition: Family Regulation During the COVID-19 Crisis". Columbia Journal of Race and Law. 12 (1). doi: 10.52214/cjrl.v12i1.9149 . ISSN   2155-2401. For instance, controversy erupted in the Crown Heights Mutual Aid group, when it unveiled a community fridge at an apartment building on the very day that building tenants were memorializing a neighbor who had recently been gunned down. Residents had not been consulted about the placement of the fridge. And they were not comforted by organizers' assurances that the building's landlord approved of the fridge because residents had been engaged in a years-long dispute with that same landlord over deplorable housing conditions. This tension reflected a common reality: mutual aid projects can easily "slip into some of the well- worn grooves" of the charity model if organizers do not deeply examine their principles.
  54. 1 2 Lofton, Saria; Kersten, Marjorie; Simonovich, Shannon D; Martin, Akilah (January 2022). "Mutual aid organisations and their role in reducing food insecurity in Chicago's urban communities during COVID-19". Public Health Nutrition. 25 (1): 119–122. doi:10.1017/S1368980021003736. PMC   8458839 . PMID   34462038.
  55. ↑ "Legal Guides – freedge". freedge.org. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
  56. ↑ "Community Fridges Toolkit" (PDF).
  57. ↑ "Launched last year, a community fridge in Allston now needs a new home". www.boston.com. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
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