Comparison of functional programming languages

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The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages.

Name Pure Lazy evaluation Typing Abstract data types Algebraic data types Data is immutable Type classes Garbage collectionFirst appeared
Common Lisp No [1] Simulated with thunks [2] Dynamic [3] Yes [4] Extension [5] No [6]  ?Yes1984
Scheme No [7] Yes [8] Dynamic [7] Yes [9] Simulated with thunks [10] No [11] NoYes1975
Racket NoDefault in Lazy Racket [12] Dynamic by default, gradual with Typed Racket [13] Yes [14] Yes, with Algebraic Racket [15] Partial [16] NoYes1995
Clojure No [17] Yes [18] Dynamic [19] Yes [20] Yes [21] Yes [22] NoYes2007
Standard ML No [23] No [24] [25] Static [26] YesYesYes [27] NoYes1983
OCaml No [28] Yes [28] Static [29] Yes [30] Yes [31] Yes [32] Simulated with parametric modules [33] Yes1996
F# No [34] Yes [35] Static [36] Yes [37] Yes [38] Yes [39] NoYes2005
Haskell Yes [40] Default [41] Static [42] Yes [40] Yes [43] Yes [44] Yes [45] Yes1990
Scala No [46] Yes [47] Static [46] Yes [48] Yes [48] Yes [49] Yes [50] Yes2004
JavaScript No [51] [ unreliable source? ]Extension [52] Dynamic [53] Extension [54] Extension [55] Partial [56] [57]  ?Yes1995
Clean Yes [58] Yes, with optional strictness annotations [59] Static with uniqueness/optionally dynamic [60] Yes [59] Yes [59] Yes, except for unique types [59] Yes [59] Yes1987
Miranda Yes [61] Default [62] Static [61] Yes [63] Yes [61] YesNoYes1986
SASL Yes [64] YesDynamic [65] YesYesYesNoYes1972
Elixir NoStream module [66] DynamicYesNoYes ?Yes2012
Erlang NoNo [67] DynamicYes [68] NoYes [69]  ?Yes1986
Elm YesNoStatic [70]  ?Yes [71] Yes [70] NoYes2012
Futhark YesNoStatic [72] YesYesYes [70] NoYes2014
Python No [73] Simulated with generatorsDynamic [74] Yes [75] NoPartial [76]  ?Yes1991
Idris Yes [77] Yes [77] Static [77] Yes [77] Yes [77] Yes [77] Yes [77] Yes2007
Nix YesNoStaticNoYesYesNoYes2003
Wolfram Language NoNoStaticYesYesYesNoYes1988
Kotlin NoLazy delegation [78] and Sequence [79] StaticYesNoYesNoYes2011
Swift NoNoStaticYesYesYesNoSwift uses Automatic Reference Counting, which differs from tracing garbage collection but is designed to provide similar benefits with better performance.2014
Julia NoNo [80] Dynamic [81] Yes [81] NoPartial [81]  ?Yes2012
PureScript YesNoStaticYesYesYesYesYes2013
Rust NoLazy iterators [82] and external libraries [83] Static [84] Yes [85] Yes [86] Yes [87] Yes, through traits [85] No2010
Bosque NoNoStaticYesYesYes ?Yes2019
D Optional [88] [89] Optional [90] Static [91]  ?YesYes [92] NoYes [93] 2001
Gleam No [94] Experimental external librariesStaticYesYesYesNoYes2019

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References

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  25. ↑ Harper, MacQueen, Milner. "Standard ML" (PDF). Section 3.6.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  61. 1 2 3 "Miranda Official Website".
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  66. ↑ "Stream — Elixir v1.17.2". | title=Stream - Elixir v.1.6.0}}
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  69. ↑ "Stack Overflow - How do I modify a record in erlang?" . Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  70. 1 2 3 "Elm Blog - Interactive Programming". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
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  72. ↑ "Type Inference" . Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  73. ↑ "Functional Programming in Python".
  74. ↑ "What is Python?".
  75. ↑ "Abstract Data Types and Stacks" (PDF).
  76. ↑ Immutable object#Python
  77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Idris Overview" . Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  78. ↑ "Kotlin - Delegated Properties".
  79. ↑ "kotlin-stdlib - kotlin.sequences".
  80. ↑ "Noteworthy Differences from Other Languages - The Julia Language".
  81. 1 2 3 "Types - The Julia Language".
  82. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Processing a Series of Items with Iterators".
  83. ↑ "Rust crate 'lazy'".
  84. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Data Types".
  85. 1 2 "The Rust Programming Language, Traits".
  86. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Enums".
  87. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Variables and Mutability".
  88. ↑ "D pure functions" . Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  89. ↑ "D safe functions" . Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  90. ↑ "Laziness - Dlang Tour" . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  91. ↑ "Type System" . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  92. ↑ "Immutable - Dlang Tour" . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  93. ↑ "Garbage Collection" . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  94. ↑ "Frequently asked questions – Gleam".
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