Comparison of functional programming languages

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The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages.

Name Pure Lazy evaluation Typing Abstract data types Algebraic data types Data is immutable Type classes Garbage collectionFirst appeared
Common Lisp No [1] Simulated with thunks [2] Dynamic [3] Yes [4] Extension [5] No [6] ?Yes1984
Scheme No [7] Yes [8] Dynamic [7] Yes [9] Simulated with thunks [10] No [11] NoYes1975
Racket NoDefault in Lazy Racket [12] Strong, Dynamic, statically typed with gradual typing in Typed Racket [13] Yes [14] Yes, with Algebraic Racket [15] Partial [16] NoYes1995
Clojure No [17] Yes [18] Dynamic [19] Yes [20] Yes [21] Yes [22] NoYes2007
Standard ML No [23] No [24] [25] Static [26] YesYesYes [27] NoYes1983
OCaml No [28] Yes [28] Static [29] Yes [30] Yes [31] Yes [32] Simulated with parametric modules [33] Yes1996
F# No [34] Yes [35] Static [36] Yes [37] Yes [38] Yes [39] NoYes2005
Haskell Yes [40] Default [41] Static [42] Yes [40] Yes [43] Yes [44] Yes [45] Yes1990
Scala No [46] Yes [47] Static [46] Yes [48] Yes [48] Yes [49] Yes [50] Yes2004
JavaScript No [51] [ unreliable source? ]Extension [52] Dynamic [53] Extension [54] Extension [55] Partial [56] [57] ?Yes1995
Clean Yes [58] Yes, with optional strictness annotations [59] Static with uniqueness/optionally dynamic [60] Yes [59] Yes [59] Yes, except for unique types [59] Yes [59] Yes1987
Miranda Yes [61] Default [62] Static [61] Yes [63] Yes [61] YesNoYes1986
SASL Yes [64] YesDynamic [65] YesYesYesNoYes1972
Elixir NoStream module [66] DynamicYesNoYes?Yes2012
Erlang NoNo [67] DynamicYes [68] NoYes [69] ?Yes1986
Elm YesNoStatic [70] ?Yes [71] Yes [70] NoYes2012
Futhark YesNoStatic [72] YesYesYes [70] NoYes2014
Python No [73] Simulated with generatorsDynamic [74] Yes [75] NoPartial [76] ?Yes1991
Idris Yes [77] Yes [77] Static [77] Yes [77] Yes [77] Yes [77] Yes [77] Yes2007
Nix YesNoStatic[ citation needed ]NoYesYesNoYes2003
Wolfram Language NoNoStaticYesYesYesNoYes1988
Kotlin NoLazy delegation [78] and Sequence [79] StaticYesNoYesNoYes2011
Swift NoNoStaticYesYesYesNoSwift uses Automatic Reference Counting, which differs from tracing garbage collection but is designed to provide similar benefits with better performance.2014
Julia NoNo [80] Dynamic [81] Yes [81] NoPartial [81] ?Yes2012
PureScript YesNoStaticYesYesYesYesYes2013
Rust NoLazy iterators [82] and external libraries [83] Static [84] Yes [85] Yes [86] Yes [87] Yes, through traits [85] No2010
Bosque NoNoStaticYesYesYes?Yes2019
D Optional [88] [89] Optional [90] Static [91] ?YesYes [92] NoYes [93] 2001
Gleam No [94] Experimental external librariesStaticYesYesYesNoYes2019

References

  1. ↑ "LISP Introduction" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Antoniotti, Marco. "CLAZY: Lazy Calling in Common Lisp" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  3. ↑ Tratt, Laurence (July 2009). "Dynamically Typed Languages" . Advances in Computers. 77: 149–184. doi:10.1016/s0065-2458(09)01205-4 . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  4. ↑ "LISP Tutorial Lecture 3: Data Abstraction".
  5. ↑ "Algebraic data types in Common Lisp". GitHub . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  6. ↑ "Mutable Data Structures" (PDF). Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  7. 1 2 "Similar Functional Languages" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  8. ↑ "(Scheme) 17. Lazy Evaluation" . Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  9. ↑ "Records - Revised6 Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme" . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  10. ↑ "Algebraic Data Types in Scheme" . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  11. ↑ "Programs with State" . Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  12. ↑ Barzilay, Eli. "Lazy Racket" . Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  13. ↑ Tobin-Hochstadt, Sam; St-Amour, Vincent; Dobson, Eric; Takikawa, Asumu. "Typed Racket" . Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  14. ↑ "The Racket Guide: Programmer-Defined Datatypes" . Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  15. ↑ Griffis, Eric. "Algebraic Racket" . Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  16. ↑ Buttrick, Matthew. "Beautiful Racket: Data Structures" . Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  17. ↑ "Clojure Functional Programing".
  18. ↑ "Clojure - lazy" . Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  19. ↑ "Exploring clojure: dynamic typing". 7 December 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  20. ↑ Engelberg, Mark (21 April 2009). "Thoughts On Programming" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  21. ↑ "clojure-contrib, typing example" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  22. ↑ "clojure: functional programming overview" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  23. ↑ "Introduction to Functional Programming" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  24. ↑ "Lazy and Eager Evaluation" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  25. ↑ Harper, MacQueen, Milner. "Standard ML" (PDF). Section 3.6.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ Wikibooks:Standard ML Programming/Types
  27. ↑ "Mutable and optional data" . Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  28. 1 2 "Functional Programming – OCaml" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  29. ↑ Hickey, Jason. "Introduction to Objective Caml" (PDF). Section 2.4. Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  30. ↑ "Type and exception definitions".
  31. ↑ "Learn OCaml - Data Types".
  32. ↑ "Learn OCaml - Imperative Features".
  33. ↑ "Implementing Type-Classes as OCaml Modules" . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  34. ↑ "Learning F#" . Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  35. ↑ "Lazy Computations (F#)". Microsoft Developer Network. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  36. ↑ "About F#" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  37. ↑ "Structures - F#" . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  38. ↑ "Discriminated Unions". 15 September 2021.
  39. ↑ "The F# 3.0 Language Specification: 1.1.2 Making Data Simple" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  40. 1 2 "Haskell Wiki" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  41. ↑ "Haskell Wiki Lazy Evaluation" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  42. ↑ "Haskell Typing". HaskellWiki. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  43. ↑ "Haskell Wiki Abstract Data Type" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  44. ↑ "Haskell Wiki" . Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  45. ↑ "Type Classes and Overloading".
  46. 1 2 "Scala Overview" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  47. ↑ "Scala by Example" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  48. 1 2 "Scala Reference" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  49. ↑ "Mutable and Immutable Collections" . Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  50. ↑ "The Neophyte's Guide to Scala Part 12: Type Classes" . Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  51. ↑ List of multi-paradigm programming languages#Language overview
  52. ↑ Tao, Dan. "Lazy.js". Dan Tao. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  53. ↑ "JavaScript Overview". Mozilla Developer Network. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  54. ↑ Frank, Thomas. "Add some klass to JavaScript". thomasfrank.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  55. ↑ Faubion, Nathan. "ADT". NPM. Joyent, nodejitsu. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  56. ↑ Immutable object#JavaScript
  57. ↑ "Javascript Data structures". Mozilla Developer Network. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  58. ↑ "FAQ - Clean".
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 Plasmeijer, Rinus; Van Eekelen, Marko; Van Groningen, John (December 2011). Clean Version 2.2 Language Report (PDF). Department of Software Technology, University of Nijmegen. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  60. ↑ "Clean".
  61. 1 2 3 "Miranda Official Website".
  62. ↑ "An Overview of Miranda".
  63. ↑ "An Overview of Miranda".
  64. ↑ Turner, D.A. "An Implementation of SASL". University of St. Andrews, Department of Computer Science Technical Report. TR/75/4.
  65. ↑ Kahn, Gilles; Bertot, Yves; Huet, Gérard; Lévy, Jean-Jacques; Plotkin, Gordon (2009-09-24). Kahn networks at the dawn of functional programming. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521518253.
  66. ↑ "Stream — Elixir v1.17.2".
  67. ↑ "Erlang Reference Manual" . Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  68. ↑ "Erlang Programming Language - Abstract Patterns".
  69. ↑ "Stack Overflow - How do I modify a record in erlang?" . Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  70. 1 2 3 "Elm Blog - Interactive Programming". Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  71. ↑ "Elm Syntax - Algebraic Data Types". Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  72. ↑ "Type Inference" . Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  73. ↑ "Functional Programming in Python".
  74. ↑ "What is Python?".
  75. ↑ "Abstract Data Types and Stacks" (PDF).
  76. ↑ Immutable object#Python
  77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Idris Overview" . Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  78. ↑ "Kotlin - Delegated Properties".
  79. ↑ "kotlin-stdlib - kotlin.sequences".
  80. ↑ "Noteworthy Differences from Other Languages - The Julia Language".
  81. 1 2 3 "Types - The Julia Language".
  82. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Processing a Series of Items with Iterators".
  83. ↑ "Rust crate 'lazy'".
  84. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Data Types".
  85. 1 2 "The Rust Programming Language, Traits".
  86. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Enums".
  87. ↑ "The Rust Programming Language, Variables and Mutability".
  88. ↑ "D pure functions" . Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  89. ↑ "D safe functions" . Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  90. ↑ "Laziness - Dlang Tour" . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  91. ↑ "Type System" . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  92. ↑ "Immutable - Dlang Tour" . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  93. ↑ "Garbage Collection" . Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  94. ↑ "Frequently asked questions – Gleam".
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