Contronym

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A contronym or contranym is a word with two opposite meanings. For example, the word original can mean "authentic, traditional", or "novel, never done before". This feature is also called enantiosemy, [1] [2] enantionymy ( enantio- means "opposite"), antilogy or autoantonymy. An enantiosemic term is by definition polysemic (having more than one meaning).

Contents

Nomenclature

A contronym is alternatively called an autantonym, auto-antonym, antagonym, [3] [4] enantiodrome, enantionym, Janus word (after the Roman god Janus, who is usually depicted with two faces), [4] self-antonym, antilogy, or addad (Arabic, singular didd). [5] [6]

Linguistic mechanisms

Some pairs of contronyms are true homographs, i.e., distinct words with different etymologies which happen to have the same form. [7] For instance, cleave (meaning "to separate") is from Old English clēofan, while cleave (meaning "to adhere") is from Old English clifian—with each word originally pronounced differently.

Other contronyms are a form of polysemy (multiple meanings), but where a single word acquires different and ultimately opposite meanings or definitions. For example, sanction—"permit" or "penalize"; bolt (originally from crossbows)—"leave quickly" or "fix/immobilize"; fast—"moving rapidly" or "held fixed in place". Some English examples result from nouns being verbed (in the patterns of "add <noun> to" and "remove <noun> from"), and some of these may appear contronymic: for example, dust.

Denotations and connotations of words, too, can drift or branch over centuries. An apocryphal story relates how Charles II (or sometimes Queen Anne) described St Paul's Cathedral (using contemporaneous English) as "awful, pompous, and artificial", with the meaning (rendered in modern English) of "awe-inspiring, majestic, and ingeniously designed." [8]

Negative words such as bad [9] and sick sometimes acquire contrary or ironic senses depending on usage or by antiphrasis. [10] They may thus refer to traits that are impressive and admired, if not necessarily good or positive (the skateboarder's sick jump; that rap song is bad as hell; the movie Good Boys is full of sick burns).

In Latin, sacer has the double meaning "sacred, holy" and "accursed, infamous". Greek δημιουργός gave Latin its demiurgus , from which English got its demiurge , which can refer either to God as the creator or to the devil, depending on philosophical context. Some contronyms result from differences in varieties of English. For example, to table a motion or a bill (a draft piece of legislation) usually means "to put up for debate" in British English, while it means "to postpone, sometimes indefinitely, the consideration of" or "to remove from debate" in American English (for which British English would use "defer" or "shelve"). To barrack , in Australian English, is "to loudly demonstrate support" (eg, for a sports team; "to cheer on"; or, in American English, "to root for"), whilst in British English it is "to express disapproval and contempt".

In some languages, a word stem associated with a single event may treat the action of that event as unitary, so in translation it may appear contronymic. For example, Latin hospes can be translated as both "guest" and "host". In some varieties of English, borrow may mean both "borrow" and "lend".

Examples

English

Other languages

Nouns

  • The Korean noun 앞 (ap) may mean either "future" or "past" (distinguished by context).

Verbs

  • The German verb ausleihen , the Dutch verb lenen , the Afrikaans verb leen , the Polish verb pożyczyć, the Russian verb одолжить (odolžítʹ), the Finnish verb lainata , and the Esperanto verb prunti can mean either "to lend" or "to borrow", with case, pronouns, and mention of persons making the sense clear. The verb stem conveys that "a lending-and-borrowing event is occurring", and the other cues convey who is lending to whom. This makes sense because anytime lending is occurring, borrowing is simultaneously occurring; one cannot happen without the other.
  • The German verb umfahren can mean either "to drive around" or "to run over". The two variants are distinguished by stress, though. The Afrikaans verb omry can also mean either "to drive around" or "to run over", but with no distinction in pronunciation.
  • The Romanian verb a închiria, the French verb louer, the Afrikaans verb huur , the Finnish verb vuokrata [21] and the Spanish alquilar [10] and arrendar [22] mean "to rent" (as the lessee does) as well as "to let" (as the lessor does). The English verb rent can also describe either the lessee's or the lessor's role.
  • The Swahili verb kutoa means both "to remove" and "to add".
  • The Chinese word "打败" means both "to be defeated" and "to defeat".
  • The Persian verb چیدن (čidan) means both "to pluck" and "to arrange" (i.e. by putting objects down).
  • In Spanish dar (basic meaning "to give"), when applied to lessons or subjects, can mean "to teach", "to take classes" or "to recite", depending on the context. [23] Similarly with the French verb apprendre , which usually means "to learn" but may refer to the action of teaching someone. [24] Dutch leren and Afrikaans leer can mean "to teach" or "to learn".
  • The Indonesian verbs menghiraukan and mengacuhkan can mean "to regard" or "to ignore".
  • In Greek some verbs that begin with the prefix "από-" (apo-) can have a contranym meaning. A prominent example is the verb " αποφράζω" means "to plug something, to fill a hole", and it usually used as a medical term, based on the original ancient Greek meaning. The more modern Greek meaning is "to unplug something, remove a blockage". Similar verbs are "απογεμίζω", that can both mean "to fill up to a brim" and "to empty completely" and "απομαθαίνω", that can both mean "to learn something very well" and "to forget something I learned". The meaning that negates the main action, is usually a more modern Greek one. The prefix "apo-" sometimes enhances an action and sometimes negates it. [25]

Adverbs

  • Hindi : कल and Urdu : کل (kal [kəl] ) may mean either "yesterday" or "tomorrow" (disambiguated by the verb in the sentence).
  • Icelandic : fram eftir can mean "toward the sea" or "away from the sea" depending on dialect. [26]
  • Irish : ar ball can mean "a while ago" or "in a little bit/later on" [27]

Agent nouns

Adjectives

  • The Latin sinister lit. 'left' meant both "auspicious" and "inauspicious", within the respective Roman and Greek traditions of augury. [28] The negative meaning was carried on into French and ultimately English. [29]
  • Latin nimius means "excessive, too much". It maintained this meaning in Spanish nimio , but it was also misinterpreted as "insignificant, without importance". [30] [10]
  • The Indonesian/Malay adjective usah can mean "required" or "discouraged" (disambiguated by the use of tidak or tak "don't").
  • In Vietnamese, minh means among other things "bright, clear" (from Sino-Vietnamese 明) and "dead, gloomy" (from 冥). Because of this, the name of the dwarf planet Pluto is not adapted from 冥王星 as in Chinese, Japanese and Korean. [31] [32] [33]
  • Spanish dichoso meant originally "blissful, fortunate" as in tierra dichosa, "fortunate land". However it developed an ironic and colloquial meaning "bothersome, unlucky", as in ¡Dichosas moscas!, "Damned flies!". [34]

In translation

Seeming contronyms can arise from translation. In Hawaiian, for example, aloha is translated both as "hello" and as "goodbye", but the essential meaning of the word is "love", whether used as a greeting or farewell. Similarly, 안녕 (annyeong) in Korean can mean both "hello" and "goodbye" but the central meaning is "peace". The Italian greeting ciao is translated as "hello" or "goodbye" depending on the context; the original meaning was "at your service" (literally "(I'm your) slave"). [35]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11, 77., where "enantiosemy" is mentioned along with "auto-opposite",
  2. ↑ Liberman, Anatoly (25 September 2013). "Etymology gleanings for September 2013". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 September 2013. The coexistence of two opposite meanings in a word is called enantiosemy, and the examples are rather numerous.
  3. ↑ "contronym". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Nym Words > Autoantonyms". www.fun-with-words.com. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
  5. ↑ "'Addad' : a study of homo-polysemous opposites in Arabic" . Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  6. ↑ Gall, Nick. "Antagonyms" . Retrieved 2 August 2011.
  7. ↑ "Words That are Their Own Opposites". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  8. ↑ O’Toole, Garson (31 October 2012). "St Paul's Cathedral Is Amusing, Awful, and Artificial". Quote Investigator. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  9. ↑ Darryl McDaniels, Joseph Simmons (for Run-DMC) (1986). Peter Piper (CD). Vol.  Raising Hell. Profile Records. He's the big bad wolf in your neighborhood / not bad meaning bad, but bad meaning good
  10. 1 2 3 Rubio Hancock, Jaime (28 August 2016). "19 autoantónimos: palabras que significan una cosa y la contraria". Verne (in Spanish). Ediciones El País. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 Herman, Judith (15 June 2018). "25 Words That Are Their Own Opposites". mentalfloss.com. Retrieved 2022-09-10.
  12. ↑ "Amelia Bedelia". LC Online Catalog. Library of Congress (lccn.loc.gov). Retrieved 2016-02-18.
  13. ↑ "Obbligato" in Lectionary of Music, Nicolas Slonimsky. McGraw-Hill ISBN   0-07-058222-X
  14. ↑ "Obbligato" in Collins Music Encyclopedia, Westrup & Harrison: Collins, London, 1959
  15. ↑ "Definition of OVERLOOK". www.merriam-webster.com. 2023-09-01. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  16. ↑ "Definition of OVERSIGHT". www.merriam-webster.com. 2023-09-07. Retrieved 2023-09-12.
  17. ↑ "Definition of PERUSE". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 28 June 2020. to ... EFFECT
  18. ↑ "Janus Words". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 28 June 2020. to ... EFFECT
  19. ↑ The Canadian Oxford dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 1283. ISBN   9780195418163. entangle...disentangle, unravel
  20. ↑ Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004). Canadian Oxford Dictionary (Second ed.). Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press Canada. p. 1580. ISBN   9780195418163.
  21. ↑ "sanakirja.org". Archived from the original on 2021-11-26.
  22. ↑ Prieto García-Seco, David (2021-05-28). "Rinconete. Lengua. «Huésped» o significar una cosa y la contraria". cvc.cervantes.es (in Spanish). Centro Virtual Cervantes. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  23. ↑ "dar". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23 ed.). RAE-ASALE. 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022. 14. tr. Impartir una lección, pronunciar una conferencia o charla. 15. tr. Recibir una clase. Ayer dimos clase de matemáticas. 16. tr. Dicho de un alumno: Recitar la lección.
  24. ↑ "apprendre". Le Petit Robert, dictionnaire alphabétique et analogique de la langue française (in French). Dictionnaires Le Robert – SEJER. 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2023. I. (sens subjectif) Être avisé, informé de (qqch.). II. (sens objectif) 2. Donner la connaissance, le savoir, la pratique de (qqch.).
  25. ↑ Sarantakos, Nikos (18 June 2014). "Απόφραξη σημαίνει βούλωμα ή ξεβούλωμα;". Οι λέξεις έχουν τη δική τους ιστορία. Archived from the original on 21 May 2025. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  26. ↑ "Íslensk nútímamálsorðabók" (in Icelandic). Árnastofnun. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  27. ↑ "Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): ar ball". www.teanglann.ie.
  28. ↑ M. Horatius Piscinus. "On Auguries".
  29. ↑ "sinister (adj.)". www.etymonline.com.
  30. ↑ "nimio, nimia". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23 ed.). RAE-ASALE. 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  31. ↑ Renshaw, Steve; Ihara, Saori (2000). "A Tribute to Houei Nojiri". Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Planetary Linguistics". Archived from the original on December 17, 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
  33. ↑ Bathrobe. "Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto in Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese". cjvlang.com. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  34. ↑ "dichoso". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23 ed.). RAE-ASALE. 2021. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  35. ↑ Ronnie Ferguson, A linguistic history of Venice, 2007, ISBN   882225645X, p. 284

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