Skunked term

Last updated January 17, 2025

A skunked term is a word or phrase that becomes difficult to use because it is evolving from one meaning to another, perhaps inconsistent or even opposite, usage,^[1] or that becomes difficult to use due to other controversy surrounding the term.^[2] Purists may insist on the old usage, while descriptivists may be more open to newer usages. Readers may not know which sense is meant especially when prescriptivists insist on a meaning that accords with interests that often conflict.^{[ citation needed ]}

Usage

Garner recommends avoiding such terms if their use may distract readers from the intended meaning of a text.^[3]

Some terms, such as "fulsome", may become skunked, and then eventually revert to their original meaning over time.^[4]

Examples in English

Terms with opposite meanings

Humbled originally meant "brought low" but is often used to mean "honored".^[5]
"It's all downhill from here" originally meant to become easier but is widely used to mean becoming worse or more difficult.^[6]
A moot point in British English has historically meant a point that is worth debating, but the meaning is shifting towards that in US English of a point that is irrelevant or academic.^[7]
A "steep learning curve" was used in psychology from the 1920s to describe the quick and easy acquisition of skill; it was adopted more widely in the 1970s with the opposite meaning, describing a difficult and arduous process.^[8]

Terms with potential to offend

Niggardly means "miserly" or "parsimonious", but is rarely used in modern English because it is easily confused with the slur nigger , despite their separate etymologies.^[9]
Oriental originally referred to anything associated with the east or orient, including the Middle East, and including people. More recently, the term has come to refer to East Asia exclusively, and use of the word to describe people has become offensive.^[10]
The words faggot and fag have various meanings in British English (such as a faggot being a meat dish or a bundle of sticks, and a fag being a cigarette)^[11] but in the United States they are homophobic slurs.^[12]

Terms similar to sexual terms

Cum is a Latin word used in English to mean "with" (e.g. summa cum laude) or "along with being" (e.g. he was a farmer-cum-poet), but in informal contexts it is increasingly associated with semen and related meanings.^[13]
Ejaculate means to "exclaim", but it is now more commonly used to refer to the emission of semen in orgasm.^[14]
Intercourse means communication or dialogue, but this is now largely obsoleted by its (metaphoric or metonymic) use for the act of sex.^[15]

Other terms

"Begging the question" originally refers to the informal fallacy of assuming the conclusion, but is used to mean "evading the question" or "raising the question".^[16]
Biweekly has come to mean either "occurring every two weeks" or "occurring twice a week". The same ambiguity exists for the word bimonthly.^[17]^[18]
Data , and media have come to ambiguously describe both singular and plural entities, with the singular forms datum and medium declining in use.^[10]
Disinterested is widely used to mean "uninterested" whereas the primary meaning is "unbiased".^[19]
Drug can mean both pharmaceutical medicines and illegal recreational psychoactive substances like cocaine or heroin.^[20]
Enormity used to mean "horror" but has come to mean "great size", likely due to confusion with the word "enormous".
"The exception that proves the rule" originally meant that an exception stipulated in a rule establishes the existence of the rule outside the exception, but is generally used to mean an anomaly to a trend, while some argue that it should mean a case that tests the validity of a rule.^[21]
Gay's former meaning of "cheerful and carefree" has largely been lost due to its more recent meaning of "homosexual".
Hopefully used to mean "in a hopeful manner" but has come to mean "it is hoped" since the early 1960s.^[3]^[22]^[23]
Inflammable means "prone to catching fire", but is sometimes interpreted to mean "not flammable" due to the fact that the English prefix in- usually suggests "not". Due to potential dangers of the word confusion, inflammable has seen a decrease in usage in the last decades, while the word nonflammable is used instead to mean "not flammable".^[24]
"The turn of the n-th century" is ambiguous as to which century is ending and which is beginning. For example, "the turn of the 17th century" may refer to the period around the year 1601 (the beginning of the 17th century) or around the year 1700 (the end).^[25]^[26]
Literally is widely used with metaphorical language for emphasis.^[27]

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryan A. Garner</span> American lawyer and lexicographer (born 1958)

Bryan Andrew Garner is an American legal scholar and lexicographer. He has written more than two dozen books about English usage and style such as Garner's Modern English Usage for a general audience, and others for legal professionals. Garner also wrote two books with Justice Antonin Scalia: Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges (2008) and Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts (2012). He is the founder and president of LawProse Inc.

<i>Garners Modern English Usage</i> Usage dictionary and style guide by American writer Bryan A. Garner

Garner's Modern English Usage (GMEU), written by Bryan A. Garner and published by Oxford University Press, is a usage dictionary and style guide for contemporary Modern English. It was first published in 1998 as A Dictionary of Modern American Usage, with a focus on American English, which it retained for the next two editions as Garner's Modern American Usage (GMAU). It was expanded to cover English more broadly in the 2016 fourth edition, under the present title. The work covers issues of usage, pronunciation, and style, from distinctions among commonly confused words and phrases to notes on how to prevent verbosity and obscurity. In addition, it contains essays about the English language. An abridged version of the first edition was also published as The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style in 2000 and a similar version was published in The Chicago Manual of Style 16th edition in 2017. The latter includes three sections titled "Grammar", "Syntax" and "Word Usage", each with several subcategories.

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Comprised of is an expression in English that means "composed of". This is thought by language purists to be improper because to "comprise" can already mean to "be composed of". By that definition, "comprised of" would be ungrammatical as it implies "composed of of". However, another widely accepted definition of to "comprise" is to "compose", hence the commonly accepted meaning of "comprised of" as "composed of".

References

↑ Bryan A. Garner, Garner's Modern American Usage, 2009, p. 306f
1 2 Ben Yagoda, How to Not Write Bad: The Most Common Writing Problems and the Best Ways to Avoid Them, ISBN 1594488487, 2013, p. 82 and passim.
1 2 Brenner, Erin (13 March 2014). "The Politics of Writing: Should You Use Skunked Terms?" . Retrieved 6 September 2015.
↑ Brenner, Erin (22 February 2012). "The Story Behind "Fulsome"" . Retrieved 6 September 2015.
↑ Baggini, Julian (18 May 2013). "'I feel so humble' – the common cry of heroes and villains". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
↑ "Be (all) downhill definition". Cambridge English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
↑ Marsh, David (16 January 2015). "The meaning of 'moot' is a moot point – whichever variety of English you speak | Mind your language". The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2018.
↑ Zimmer, Ben (8 February 2013). "A "Steep Learning Curve" for "Downton Abbey"". Word Routes. Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
↑ "Opinion | In a Word" . The New York Times. 30 January 1999. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 12 July 2020.
1 2 Perlman, Merrill (20 October 2014). "How common descriptors fall out of favor". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
↑ "faggot (noun)". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
↑ Prynne, Miranda (1 November 2013). "Man banned from Facebook for liking faggots". The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
↑ Garner, Bryan A. (2022). Garner's Modern English Usage (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. "cum". ISBN 978-0-19-759902-0.
↑ Garner, Bryan A. (2022). Garner's Modern English Usage (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. "ejaculate". ISBN 978-0-19-759902-0.
↑ See e.g. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-word/intercourse
↑ Houghton Mifflin Company (2005). The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 56. ISBN 0-618-60499-5.
↑ "Definition of biweekly". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
↑ Cinemassacre (6 May 2020). Pavlou, Chris (ed.). "You Know What's BS!? The Word Bimonthly". YouTube. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
↑ "Disinterested definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023.
↑ Zanders ED (2011). "Introduction to Drugs and Drug Targets". The Science and Business of Drug Discovery: 11–27. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9902-3_2. ISBN 978-1-4419-9901-6. PMC 7120710 .
↑ Okrent, Akira (16 September 2013). "How Does an Exception Prove a Rule?". Mental Floss. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
↑ Liberman, Mark (27 May 2012). "The H-word". Language Log. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
↑ Beaujon, Andrew (19 April 2012). "Hopefully, this is the last we'll write about 'hopefully'". Poynter. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
↑ "Flammable vs. Inflammable". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 30 June 2023.
↑ "The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
↑ "The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2025.
↑ Hawkes, Steve (13 August 2013). "Uproar as OED includes erroneous use of 'literally'". The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 September 2015.

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[1] Bryan A. Garner, Garner's Modern American Usage, 2009, p. 306f

[yagoda-2] 1 2 Ben Yagoda, How to Not Write Bad: The Most Common Writing Problems and the Best Ways to Avoid Them, ISBN 1594488487, 2013, p. 82 and passim.

[politics-3] 1 2 Brenner, Erin (13 March 2014). "The Politics of Writing: Should You Use Skunked Terms?" . Retrieved 6 September 2015.

[4] Brenner, Erin (22 February 2012). "The Story Behind "Fulsome"" . Retrieved 6 September 2015.

[5] Baggini, Julian (18 May 2013). "'I feel so humble' – the common cry of heroes and villains". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

[6] "Be (all) downhill definition". Cambridge English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.

[7] Marsh, David (16 January 2015). "The meaning of 'moot' is a moot point – whichever variety of English you speak | Mind your language". The Guardian . Retrieved 27 July 2018.

[8] Zimmer, Ben (8 February 2013). "A "Steep Learning Curve" for "Downton Abbey"". Word Routes. Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 6 April 2023.

[9] "Opinion | In a Word" . The New York Times. 30 January 1999. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 12 July 2020.

[Perlman-10] 1 2 Perlman, Merrill (20 October 2014). "How common descriptors fall out of favor". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.

[11] "faggot (noun)". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

[faggots-12] Prynne, Miranda (1 November 2013). "Man banned from Facebook for liking faggots". The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 December 2023.

[13] Garner, Bryan A. (2022). Garner's Modern English Usage (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. "cum". ISBN 978-0-19-759902-0.

[14] Garner, Bryan A. (2022). Garner's Modern English Usage (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. "ejaculate". ISBN 978-0-19-759902-0.

[15] See e.g. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english-word/intercourse

[16] Houghton Mifflin Company (2005). The American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 56. ISBN 0-618-60499-5.

[17] "Definition of biweekly". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 14 February 2021.

[18] Cinemassacre (6 May 2020). Pavlou, Chris (ed.). "You Know What's BS!? The Word Bimonthly". YouTube. Retrieved 16 April 2021.

[19] "Disinterested definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 20 May 2023.

[20] Zanders ED (2011). "Introduction to Drugs and Drug Targets". The Science and Business of Drug Discovery: 11–27. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9902-3_2. ISBN 978-1-4419-9901-6. PMC 7120710 .

[21] Okrent, Akira (16 September 2013). "How Does an Exception Prove a Rule?". Mental Floss. Retrieved 30 December 2024.

[22] Liberman, Mark (27 May 2012). "The H-word". Language Log. Retrieved 6 September 2015.

[23] Beaujon, Andrew (19 April 2012). "Hopefully, this is the last we'll write about 'hopefully'". Poynter. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2015.

[24] "Flammable vs. Inflammable". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 30 June 2023.

[25] "The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th Edition". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2025.

[26] "The Chicago Manual of Style, 18th Edition". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Archived from the original on 15 September 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2025.

[27] Hawkes, Steve (13 August 2013). "Uproar as OED includes erroneous use of 'literally'". The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 September 2015.

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