During surveys for a transcontinental railway route in the 1870s, Sandford Fleming estimated 10 kilometres (6mi) of aggregate tunnelling and severe gradients would be required for a Coquihalla route.[1]
When surveying alternative east–west routes over the passes (namely Allison (longest), Coquihalla, and Railroad (shortest)) in 1902, Edgar Dewdney rejected all of them in favour of rails via Spences Bridge.[2] Around 1900, the Columbia and Western Railway (C&W), a CP subsidiary, had projected a line to connect Princeton and Penticton via Keremeos,[3] but this never eventuated. CP's Thomas Shaughnessy claimed he would build a direct Kootenays to the coast line, but the chosen route was more suited to local traffic. Chief engineer Andrew McCulloch was not given the freedom to select the optimal route.[4]
By 1910, the CP and Great Northern Railway (GN), had each surveyed routes through the Coquihalla canyon.[5] GN's James J. Hill planned a 13-kilometre (8mi) tunnel under the mountain between Tulameen and Portia,[6] because negotiating Railroad Pass without a tunnel was impractical.[7] Exiting on the east side of the Coquihalla River, this tunnel would not have interfered with earlier and later trails and roads. Extreme weather proved to make the upper Coquihalla canyon extremely expensive to maintain.[8] Such a tunnel would not only protect against these weather-related issues but would be 48 kilometres (30mi) shorter.[9] After calling for tenders,[10] GN ultimately chose the longer Coquihalla Pass route instead.[11]
The CP route via Osprey Lake and Brookmere was not optimal. A sounder choice would have been southwest to the Similkameen River and northwest to a Railroad Pass tunnel. To bring into being this tunnel option, a compromise between CP and GN should have been forced upon both parties earlier.[8] Instead, the CP and GN conflicts over the narrow Coquihalla right-of-way triggered years of legal claims. In November 1913, they signed the Coquihalla Agreement, whereby CP would build and maintain the Coquihalla line, but GN would receive running rights.[5] In early 1914, they signed the Tulameen Agreement, whereby GN would be responsible for Princeton–Brookmere, upon which CP would have running rights.[12]
In 1937, John Sullivan wrote to McCulloch, both retired senior CP employees, stating, "Of all the blunders in railway building history the CPR's southern British Columbia rail line (namely the KV) is the greatest".[13]
Construction
In harsh weather, scree forms an unstable building base. In the upper canyon, the railbed lay at the transition from semi-solid rock to scree. The latter provided the outer part of the rail bed, while the inner part was cut from the rock face.[14] Construction crews returning in spring 1916 needed first to repair much of the 1915 construction work that had been destroyed by slides over the winter.[5]
The maximum gradient was 2.2 per cent.[5] Construction costs were $136,000 per mile, five times the average cost for Canadian railways in 1913. One particular mile in the upper canyon cost $300,000, being one of the most expensive miles of railway built up to that time.[15] The provincial construction subsidy was $10,000 per mile.[16]
The last spike on the KV was driven in July 1916 east of the tunnel adjacent to the Ladner Creek bridge.[17]
Operation and maintenance
Regular passenger service began at the end of July 1916.[5] Eastbound trains took on pusher engines at Hope.[18]
Washouts and slides closed the Coquihalla during December 1917–May 1918, January–May 1921, 2 to 4 months in 1930s, and 6 months in 1938–39. During World War II, Japanese Canadians from the Tashme Incarceration Camp formed a bridge and building maintenance gang.[19] Having barely recovered from the damage of the previous winter, the line again closed in fall 1949.[20]
In 1926, CP was making plans to abandon the Coquihalla route, following a series of slides. Even if an abandonment received government approval, CP might have been required to return government construction subsidies and would also forfeit the annual fee paid by GN. When slides and washouts in 1932 resurrected thoughts of abandonment, the ongoing GN payments were the deciding factor. Severe weather damage in early 1939 raised concerns again, but the likelihood of an escalating war in Europe, which would increase rail traffic, instead prompted extensive upgrades.[21]
For a line it had never commercially used,[21] GN had paid CP $150,000 annually since 1916, and CP had paid GN $60,000 annually for actual use. In 1944–45, to end such payments, GN paid $4,500,000 to CP to terminate the Coquihalla Agreement. In turn, CP paid GN $1,500,000 to terminate the Tulameen Agreement and acquired that leg.[22]
During World War II, bulldozers were introduced for snow clearing, which proved superior to the prior combination of rotary and wedge plows. In addition, substandard snowsheds were removed rather than replaced, resulting in 10 of the original 15 sheds being demolished over an eight-year period.[23]
Not a single passenger was killed during the lifetime of the railway. A speeder checking for slides and washouts preceded every passenger train through the Coquihalla Pass. In winter, a plow train preceded the speeder. In addition, foot patrols checked the whole route every day.[24]
In 1952, passenger train schedules were changed by 12 hours, meaning the Coquihalla was travelled during daylight.[25] In 1954, the passenger schedule reverted to night time travel through the area.[26] After the November 1959 slides and washouts in the vicinity of Jessica, passenger service through the Coquihalla permanently ceased that month.[27]
Wye: Operational Jul 1916 to Jul 1961. Mainly used for turning pusher engines from Hope during 1916–c.1930. Sited about 400 metres (1,312ft) south of present Britton Creek Rest Area. The northeast leg of the wye is the beginning of present Tulameen FSR.
By yearend 1913, the westward advance of the KV rail head from the Brodie Station reached this point, where it remained until tracklaying recommenced in late summer 1914.
Coquihalla Lakes Road largely follows the KV rail bed to Mile 18.7, as does the Trans Mountain Pipeline private road to Mile 19.6. At this point, the road leaves the KV rail bed, which is impassable and dangerous, but visible in places on the hillside above.
Hayden's Cut: Unstable rock prevented 15-metre (50ft) tunnel. Presumably named after conductor Augusto Taylor Hayden, who died in Nov 1916 when a rockslide smashed into a snowplow unit in the vicinity.
Tunnel #4: 76-metre (250ft) length. Concrete portals added at west end in 1945 and east end in 1942. Collapsed in May 1959. Replaced by diversion around the mountain.
Water: 32,000 litres; 8,400 US gallons (7,000impgal) open tank on the northwest side of the main line. Deactivated late 1940s. Mostly emergency water supply.
^a . Mileages are 1940–1961, measured from the Brookmere Station building.[48] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Station and engine house erected on the northwest side of the main line. ^d . Section house and water tank erected on the southeast side of the main line. ^e . At an elevation of 1,114 metres (3,656ft),[49] called Coquihalla Summit prior to 1916 rename.[50] ^f . Deactivated in 1922, being more practical to base pusher engines at Brookmere and Hope.[51][52]
Snowshed #4: Two short sheds 15-metre (48ft) and 39-metre (128ft) lengths. Gap of 13 metres (44ft) closed in 1937. Extended by 34 metres (110ft) in 1920. Removed in 1945.
Snowshed #5: 94-metre (310ft) length. Extended by 17 metres (55ft) in 1919 and 15 metres (48ft) in 1920. Later rebuilt and shortened. Collapsed c.1970.
In November 1941, a westbound passenger train hit a rockslide. The locomotive plunged about 61 metres (200ft) down an embankment. The fireman and engineer died.
Snowshed #12: Two sheds 36-metre (118ft) and 216-metre (709ft) lengths. Gap of 101 metres (330ft) closed and 225 metres (737ft) removed at unknown dates. Final part removed c.1969.
Snowshed #15: 110-metre (360ft) length. Several rebuilds in 1930s. When a snowslide destroyed 52 metres (172ft) of the timber structure in 1951, a 107-metre (350ft) reinforced concrete replacement was built. The present road passes around the rock-filled snowshed.
Gulch: 123-metre (404ft) timber frame trestle. Lengthened by 9 metres (31ft) at an unknown date. Destroyed by rockslide in 1956. Replaced by line revision. Overlooks where the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) trail forded the river.
In late Mar 1926, a freight locomotive fell through the damaged trestle and plunged about 46 metres (150ft). Two loaded coal cars were destroyed but the locomotive sustained little damage.
^a . Mileages are 1940–1961, measured from the Brookmere Station building.[48] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Section house erected on the southeast side of the main line.
In mid-Dec 1917, a slide struck a snowplow unit at Iago. The caboose plunged about 213 metres (700ft) into the canyon. One occupant died, two were seriously injured.
Boston Bar Creek: 21-metre (70ft) steel deck plate girder span and two 41-metre (134ft) timber frame trestle approaches. Removed after 1961. Footings are just below the current one-lane timber road bridge off Highway 5 Exit 202.
Boston Bar Creek: 26-metre (85ft) timber frame trestle on western leg of wye. Removed in mid-1980s. The northbound highway on-ramp approximates the eastern leg of the wye. The western leg was almost totally west of the highway. The wye was used primarily to turn snowplows.
^a . Mileages are 1940–1961, measured from the Brookmere Station building.[48] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Section house, water tank, and coal chute erected on the northwest side of the main line. ^d . Station marker sign on the highway is aligned with the station, which lay due eastward up over the mountain.[68]
Ladner Creek: 171-metre (560ft) length, comprising eight steel deck plate girder spans, which stand 69 metres (225ft) above the creek. The 12-degree curve is the sharpest on the KV.
In early Sep 1915, the eastward advance of the KV rail head from the CN/KV crossing at Hope reached this point. In mid-Oct 1915, a rockslide demolished the bridge construction camp after the inhabitants had left for work that day.
^a . Mileages are 1940–1961, measured from the Brookmere Station building.[48] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Station marker sign on the highway.[72] ^d . Highway construction obliterated in mid-1980s.[69]
Tangent Creek: 87-metre (284ft) timber frame trestle. Replaced by fill and 4-metre (12ft) timber frame trestle and concrete culvert in 1956. After the Nov 1959 washout, this fill was never repaired.
Fifteen Mile Creek: 68-metre (224ft) timber frame trestle. Replaced by 73-metre (240ft) timber frame trestle at unknown date. Removed. When the rail bed became a logging road, two adjacent flatcars were installed as the road bridge deck.
Unnamed creek: 23-metre (74ft) timber frame trestle. Replaced by 23-metre (75ft) timber frame trestle on old alignment. Replaced by 18-metre (60ft) timber frame trestle in 1950 on new alignment.
In early Sep 1926, a runaway freight train derailed at the east end of the bridge, plunged into the canyon, and caused at least four deaths. Fire destroyed the bridge, which was rebuilt.
^a . Mileages are 1940–1961, measured from the Brookmere Station building.[48] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Section house and water tank erected on the northwest side of the main line.
^a . Mileages are 1940–1961, measured from the Brookmere Station building.[48] ^b . Unless specified otherwise, infrastructure detail is c.1931. ^c . Station marker sign on the highway.[82]
Epilogue
The massive capital investment of the difficult construction was never remotely recovered.[83]
In 1960, Trans Mountain Pipeline bought the Brodie–Jessica right-of-way.[27] That year, work trains, operating from each side of the blockage, collected employee and CP possessions. In 1961, CP announced plans to formally abandon the route, which received government approval that summer.[27] Rails were lifted westward from Mile 38.3 to Hope in August 1961 and eastward from the washout to Boston Bar Creek in September and October. The balance were removed in 1962.[84] Trans Mountain Pipeline built a private road north from Portia. largely upon the former rail bed.[85]
In October 1961, KV passenger trains terminated at Spences Bridge in the middle of the night for transfers to a main line connection, instead of terminating at Vancouver.[86]
The Kettle Valley Railway was a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) that operated across southern British Columbia, west of Midway running to Rock Creek, then north to Myra Canyon, down to Penticton over to Princeton, Coalmont, Brookmere, Coquihalla and finally Hope where it connected to the main CPR line.
The Nakusp and Slocan Railway (N&S) is a historic Canadian railway that operated in the West Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. The N&S initially connected Nakusp and Three Forks but soon extended to Sandon.
Princeton is a town municipality in the Similkameen area of southern British Columbia, Canada. The former mining and railway hub lies at the confluence of the Tulameen into the Similkameen River, just east of the Cascade Mountains. It is at the junction of BC Highway 3 and 5A.
Coquihalla Canyon Park is on the north shore of the Coquihalla River in southwestern British Columbia. This provincial park includes the Othello Tunnels to the east and the mouth of the Nicolum River to the south. The tunnels were part of the Kettle Valley Railway (KV). Off Othello Rd, the locality is by road about 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Hope.
Eholt is in the Boundary Country region of south central British Columbia. This ghost town, on BC Highway 3, is by road about 27 kilometres (17 mi) northwest of Grand Forks and 14 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Greenwood.
The Coldwater River is in south central British Columbia, Canada. The river is the largest tributary of the Nicola River, which is joined at Merritt.
Kettle Valley is on the south side of the Kettle River in the Boundary region of south central British Columbia. The unincorporated settlement, on Kettle Valley Rd S., is by road about 29 kilometres (18 mi) west of Greenwood and 56 kilometres (35 mi) east of Osoyoos.
Brookmere is an unincorporated community adjacent to Brook Creek in the Nicola region of southern British Columbia, in Canada. The former railway town, on Coldwater Rd, is by road about 44 kilometres (27 mi) south of Merritt.
Rock Creek is a settlement in the Boundary Country region of south central British Columbia. The unincorporated settlement is mostly on the southwest side of the Kettle River at the confluence with Rock Creek. The place lies at the junction of BC Highway 33, and BC Highway 3.
The Columbia and Western Railway (C&W) was a historic, and initially narrow gauge, railway in southern British Columbia.
Hope station is a Via Rail flag stop at Hope in southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Formerly, a Canadian National Railway (CN) station stood at this location and a Kettle Valley Railway (KV) one to the northwest.
Paulson is a ghost town in the Boundary Country region of south central British Columbia. The locality, on the Paulson Detour Rd off Highway 3, is about 26 kilometres (16 mi) northeast of Christina Lake and 54 kilometres (34 mi) west of Castlegar.
The Water Avenue Bridge, officially known as the Bill Hartley Fraser-Hope Bridge, is a steel Howe truss bridge spanning the Fraser River in the Fraser Valley region of southwestern British Columbia. Linking Hope with the northwest shore, the two-lane bridge carries BC Highway 1 on an upper deck.
South Slocan is an unincorporated community in rural British Columbia with a population of approximately 100 people, many of whom are followers of the Doukhobors religion. It is located on the northwest shore of the Kootenay River in the West Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. The village comprises 51 households. A former railway junction on BC Highway 6, it is approximately 24 kilometres (15 mi) northeast of Castlegar, and 20 kilometres (12 mi) southwest of Nelson. Its postal category is Rural Route One.
The Vancouver, Victoria and Eastern Railway (VV&E) was a railway line proposed to connect Metro Vancouver with the Kootenays, in Canada. After acquisition by the Great Northern Railway (GN), most of the route was built, but a passenger through service, using the arranged running rights on the tracks of other companies, never transpired.
Zamora is on the west side of the Kettle River in the Boundary region of south central British Columbia. The rural settlement, on BC Highway 33, is by road about 12 kilometres (7 mi) north of Rock Creek and 124 kilometres (77 mi) southeast of Kelowna.
The Spokane Falls & Northern (SF&N) is a historic railroad that operated in northeast Washington state. The SF&N initially connected the city of Spokane with the Canada–United States border at Waneta, British Columbia.
The Bulldog Tunnel, which carried the former Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) southern main line under Bulldog Mountain, is in the West Kootenay region of southeastern British Columbia. By rail, the tunnel was 71.3 kilometres (44.3 mi) northeast of Grand Forks, and 39.8 kilometres (24.7 mi) west of Castlegar.
Westbridge is in the Boundary Country region of south central British Columbia. The place straddles the West Kettle River immediately north of the confluence with the Kettle River. On BC Highway 33, the locality is by road about 87 kilometres (54 mi) northwest of Grand Forks, 64 kilometres (40 mi) northeast of Osoyoos, and 121 kilometres (75 mi) south of Kelowna.
The Nicola, Kamloops and Similkameen Coal and Railway Co (NK&S), ultimately a Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) subsidiary, connected Spences Bridge and Nicola in south central British Columbia. This standard gauge trackage, which followed the Nicola River, formed the CP Nicola Subdivision.
References
Turner, Robert D. (1995). Steam on the Kettle Valley. Sono Nis Press. ISBN1-55039-063-5.
Langford, Dan (2002). Cycling the Kettle Valley Railway (thirded.). Rocky Mountain Books. ISBN0-921102-88-7.
Smuin, Joe (2003). Kettle Valley Railway Mileboards. North Kildonan Publications. ISBN0-9696971-2-0.
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