In law, fraud is intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful gain, or to deprive a victim of a legal right. Fraud can violate civil law or criminal law, or it may cause no loss of money, property, or legal right but still be an element of another civil or criminal wrong. The purpose of fraud may be monetary gain or other benefits, for example by obtaining a passport, travel document, or driver's license, or mortgage fraud, where the perpetrator may attempt to qualify for a mortgage by way of false statements.
Sexual assault is an act in which one intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will. It is a form of sexual violence, which includes child sexual abuse, groping, rape, or the torture of the person in a sexual manner.
In the United States, the relationship between race and crime has been a topic of public controversy and scholarly debate for more than a century. Crime rates vary significantly between racial groups. Academic research indicates that the over-representation of some racial minorities in the criminal justice system can in part be explained by socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, exposure to poor neighborhoods, poor access to public and early education, and exposure to harmful chemicals and pollution. Racial housing segregation has also been linked to racial disparities in crime rates, as Blacks have historically and to the present been prevented from moving into prosperous low-crime areas through actions of the government and private actors. Various explanations within criminology have been proposed for racial disparities in crime rates, including conflict theory, strain theory, general strain theory, social disorganization theory, macrostructural opportunity theory, social control theory, and subcultural theory.
A stand-your-ground law, sometimes called "line in the sand" or "no duty to retreat" law, provides that people may use deadly force when they reasonably believe it to be necessary to defend against certain violent crimes. Under such a law, people have no duty to retreat before using deadly force in self-defense, so long as they are in a place where they are lawfully present. The exact details vary by jurisdiction.
Human Rights Quarterly (HRQ) is a quarterly academic journal founded by Richard Pierre Claude in 1982 covering human rights. The journal is intended for scholars and policymakers and follows recent developments from both governments and non-governmental organizations. It includes research in policy analysis, book reviews, and philosophical essays. The journal is published by the Johns Hopkins University Press and the editor-in-chief is Bert B. Lockwood, Jr..
Law & Society Review is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of law and society, which is part of the larger field known as the sociology of law. It was established by the Law and Society Association in 1966 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell. It has four issues per volume per year.
Gun violence in the United States results in tens of thousands of deaths and injuries annually. Gun violence became the leading cause of death for children 19 and younger for the first time in 2020 and by 2022, it was responsible for about 100 daily fatalities and hundreds of daily injuries. In 2018, the most recent year for which data are available as of 2021, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics reports 38,390 deaths by firearm, of which 24,432 were by suicide. The rate of firearm deaths per 100,000 people rose from 10.3 per 100,000 in 1999 to 12 per 100,000 in 2017, with 109 people dying per day or about 14,542 homicides in total, being 11.9 per 100,000 in 2018. In 2010, there were 19,392 firearm-related suicides, and 11,078 firearm-related homicides in the U.S. In 2010, 358 murders were reported involving a rifle while 6,009 were reported involving a handgun; another 1,939 were reported with an unspecified type of firearm. In 2011, a total of 478,400 fatal and nonfatal violent crimes were committed with a firearm. Gun crimes are covered by 18 USC 922 and 18 USC 924, which are the principal federal firearm statutes.
Journal Citation Reports (JCR) is an annual publication by Clarivate. It has been integrated with the Web of Science and is accessed from the Web of Science Core Collection. It provides information about academic journals in the natural and social sciences, including impact factors. The JCR was originally published as a part of the Science Citation Index. Currently, the JCR, as a distinct service, is based on citations compiled from the Science Citation Index Expanded and the Social Sciences Citation Index. As of the 2023 edition, journals from the Arts and Humanities Citation Index and the Emerging Sources Citation Index will also be included.
Social Problems is the official publication of the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Social Problems are universal in nature, but their intensity and type change from society to society. Social problems are socially relative. It is a quarterly peer-reviewed journal published by Oxford University Press since 2015 and formerly published by University of California Press. It was established in 1953. Some of the areas covered by the journal include: conflict, social action, and change; crime and juvenile delinquency; drinking and drugs; health, health policy, and health services; mental health; poverty, class, and inequality; racial and ethnic minorities; sexual behavior, politics, and communities; and youth, aging, and the life course. The journal is co-edited by Annulla Linders and Earl Wright II.
The publication of the North American Conference on British Studies, The Journal of British Studies is an academic journal aimed at scholars of British culture from the Middle Ages through the present. The journal was co-founded in 1961 by George Cooper. JBS presents scholarly articles and book reviews from international authors who share their ideas on British society, politics, law, economics, and the arts. Until 2005, it covered subjects from the medieval period to the present, while Albion covered all periods of British history. Albion was merged into the JBS as of vol. 44 in 2005. Until October 2012 the journal was published by University of Chicago Press. From volume 52, it has been published by Cambridge University Press.
The Web of Science is a paid-access platform that provides access to multiple databases that provide reference and citation data from academic journals, conference proceedings, and other documents in various academic disciplines. It was originally produced by the Institute for Scientific Information. It is currently owned by Clarivate.
The Journal of Applied Social Psychology is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal. The journal was established in 1971 by Professor Dr. Siegfried Streufert at Purdue University who edited the Journal for the first ten years. Its current editor-in-chief is Richard J. Crisp. The journal is devoted to applications of experimental research to the problems of society. It was published by Bellwether Publishing until 2006, when it was acquired by Wiley-Blackwell.
Crime and Delinquency is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Criminology. The journal's editor is Paul E. Tracy. It has been in publication since 1955 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.
Criminology is the interdisciplinary study of crime and deviant behaviour. Criminology is a multidisciplinary field in both the behavioural and social sciences, which draws primarily upon the research of sociologists, political scientists, economists, psychologists, philosophers, psychiatrists, social workers, biologists, social anthropologists, as well as scholars of law.
The British Journal of Criminology is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed criminology and law journal focusing on British and international criminology. It is published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies and its editor-in-chief is Eamonn Carrabine.
The International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering criminology and various legal disciplines, including criminal law and the sociology of law. It was established in 1973 as the International Journal of Criminology and Penology, and in 1979, it was renamed the International Journal of the Sociology of Law. It obtained its current name in 2008. It is published by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief are John Carrier, Sarah Charman, and Stephen P. Savage. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 0.407.
International Journal of Transitional Justice is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed academic journal published triannually by Oxford University Press to provide a forum for transitional justice as an academic discipline in its own right. It was established in 2007 and the editors-in-chief are M. Brinton Lykes and Hugo van der Merwe.
Psychology, Crime & Law is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering forensic psychology. It was established in 1994 and is published 10 times per year by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the European Association of Psychology and Law, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Theresa Gannon. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.598.
The Stanford Journal of International Law is a biannual student-run law journal covering international law, including public international law, comparative law, human rights, international relations, and international trade. It also publishes shorter academic notes on policy issues of international character, recent developments in international law, and book reviews. It is published by the Stanford Law School and was established in 1966. The journal also hosts keynote speakers and annual symposia.
Immigration to the United States has many effects on the culture and politics of the United States.
