Cultural depictions of Adelaide of Italy

Last updated

Bronze statue of Saint Adelaide as the founder of Abbey in Seltz Seltz StEtienne03.JPG
Bronze statue of Saint Adelaide as the founder of Abbey in Seltz

Adelaide of Italy was an important medieval ruler and holy figure, having been called "the most important woman of her century", "the most powerful of Ottonian women" and one of the most powerful queens of the entire Middle Age. [1] [2] [3] As princess of Burgundy (as daughter of Rudolph II of Burgundy), queen of Italy (consort of Lothair II of Italy) and later Holy Roman empress (consort of Otto the Great), she had deep connections to many European regions. Having supported the Church greatly during her lifetime, she was canonized soon after her death. Historically the subject of numerous religious, artistic and scholarly works, she is now explored by modern historiography primarily as a political figure.

Contents

Historiography

Adelaide (left), Theophanu and Otto III, St. Gereon Gospel Book (984-1000) St. Gereon Evangeliar - Pressegesprach-7379.jpg
Adelaide (left), Theophanu and Otto III, St. Gereon Gospel Book (984–1000)
Adelaide, stained glass, Eglise Sainte-Odile de Lapoutroie [fr], Alsace. Lapoutroie SteOdile 53.JPG
Adelaide, stained glass, Église Sainte-Odile de Lapoutroie  [ fr ], Alsace.

Adelaide was famous across Europe in her lifetime. It is even said that no other empress had been praised as much by contemporaries as Adelaide. Despite this, Simon MacLean notes that Adelaide's fame as a spiritual figure and her nachleben (afterlife) as a favourite subjects of artists, in sơme ways, have done her a disservice as a political figure. [6] In the 1930s, through her work Adelheid – Mutter der Königreiche, the scholar and politician Gertrud Bäumer utilized her myth – which combined political power, motherhood and charity – to promote the bourgeois feminist movement. [7]

According to MacLean, even though Adelaide was without doubt powerful and influential (she was the petitioner in one third of her husband Otto's extant acts between 951 and 973), it was still quite hard to separate Adelaide's and Otto's (and other family members' and advisors') individual inputs within the "black box" of rulership that they all belonged to. From the outside, the "king-plus-queen partnership" just acted together. [8]

While Nash opines that Adelaide operated in a form of rule different from the male rulers – she worked in tandem with Otto I, supported him and legitimized his rule in Italy; she actively joined the planning and policy forming processes but relied on male actors in direct military action, [9] [10] Jestice hesitates in describing Adelaide's and other Ottonian female rulers' style of ruling as feminine and separate from the masculine style: during their regencies, excepting leading armies in person (which Cunigunde of Luxembourg did), the ruling practices of Adelaide and Theophanu were not different from those of the men: establishing and renewing personal alliances, negotiating peace treaties, granting favours, making use of their symbolic capital. Evidences also suggest that this was the very same fashion they operated during their husbands' reigns. Jestice also denounces the popularly accepted notion that Adelaide and Theophanu were primarily rivals – Knut Görich opines that Jestice convincingly presents the case for this by showing that passages in Odilo of Clune's Epitaphium Adelaideae are of questionable reliability. [11] Görich also supports Jestice in defending the position that contemporary sources reveal no misogyny and basically the Ottonian society recognized the roles and abilities (except physical strength) of women, thus the commonly deemed special status of empresses and queens actually did not stand out in this context. [12] Buchinger points out that the Saxon tradition, that perceived the wife as having an equal role in the family, had influence too, and notes that Adelaide chose to stay at the court instead of returning to her lands as Matilda had done. [13] Görich opines, though, that the prominent roles and visibility the Ottonian empresses attained were partly product of circumstances created by Otto III's minority, as well as the fact he and Henry II died without issue. Görich also casts doubt on Jestice's idea of the reduced importance of female regents in the eleventh century. [14]

Modern research also tends to put the empress's piety and her support of the Church and the Christian belief in light of political considerations. Jestice opines that, "Piety was the one instrument of successful rule where the women had a distinct advantage over the male members of their family." [15] Buchinger sees her alliance with ecclesiastic groups as her way of building a sphere of influence independent from that of the emperor as well as preserving her memory and legacy. [16] She actively supported Cluny's reform and later, Cluny played a leading role in building her cult and supporting her canonization. Gertsman opines, though, that the devotion of Cluny towards Adelaide and the Ottonians was personal in nature, rather than ideological. [17] [18]

Adelaide and Theophanu are often compared and contrasted in historiography. Some modern commentators like Gunther Wolf (in his book Kaiserin Theophanu. Prinzessin aus der Fremde) see Theophanu as the one who looked forward to the future, to modern forms of ruling, while Adelaide was the conservative who looked to the past. Stefan Weinfurter sees a more multifaceted and positive image of Adelaide. According to Weinfurter, it was true that Theophanu significantly contributed to the model of ruling inspired by Ancient Rome and Byzantine, that Otto II and especially Otto III took over and developed (although this model could not become the foundation for the future, because of Otto III's sudden death), while Adelaide represented the transmission of Italian-imperial tradition to the House of Saxony. She was also attached to her Italian-Burgundian connections and finally her Alsatian-Alemannish roots. But this helped her to mediate across realms while creating new power bases in the process and constantly providing a stabilizing effect to the Ottonian Dynasty, especially in its moments of great crisis (such as when she mobilized her relationships with her Burgundian and Bavarian relatives to protect Otto III at the beginning of his reign). She also played an initiating role in the development of Alsace as a hub between the Eastern Frankish kingdom, Burgundy, Italy and Upper Rhine – the latter received such a boost in traffic, politics and economy that 200 years later it would become, in the words of Otto of Freising, "the primary force of the empire" (maxima vis regni). Through her daughter Emma of Italy, to whom she was an advisor, she influenced French politics. Weinfurter sees in her a European dimension, that should be characterized as "modern". [19] [20]

Legends

Adelheid's commemoration stone slab on the Weg der Ottonen, Magdeburg Ottonen Adelheid.jpg
Adelheid's commemoration stone slab on the Weg der Ottonen, Magdeburg

Depictions in arts

Contemporary arts

Otto-Adelheid-Pfennig, 983-1040, Wien Museum Otto-Adelheid-Pfennig, 983-1040, Wien Museum.jpg
Otto-Adelheid-Pfennig, 983–1040, Wien Museum

Later depictions

Visual arts

Hayez - Riconciliazione di Ottone II con Adelaide di Borgogna sua madre, 1858.jpg
Hayez - Riconciliazione di Ottone II con Adelaide di Borgogna sua madre, 1858
Seltz StEtienne17.JPG
Statue of Adelaide, Église Saint-Étienne, Seltz

Theater

Braunschweig Altstadtrathaus Otto I und Adelheid (Brunswyk 2006).JPG
Adelaide and Otto I in the Old City Townhall, Braunschweig
Incoronazione-ottone-grande-adelaide-85b3d436-a8b0-4651-a22d-0dff529cda0f.jpeg
Incoronazione di Ottone il Grande e Adelaide, after the original drawing of Lodovico Pogliaghi (1890)

Poems

Prose

Joseph von Fuhrich - Waldesruhe (Madonna mit Kind, hl. Adelheid und hl. Franziskus) ("Madonna with Child, Saint Adelaide of Burgundy, Saint Francis of Assisi") - 1514 - Osterreichische Galerie Belvedere. Joseph von Fuhrich - Waldesruhe (Madonna mit Kind, hl. Adelheid und hl. Franziskus) - 1514 - Osterreichische Galerie Belvedere.jpg
Joseph von Führich - Waldesruhe (Madonna mit Kind, hl. Adelheid und hl. Franziskus) ("Madonna with Child, Saint Adelaide of Burgundy, Saint Francis of Assisi") - 1514 - Österreichische Galerie Belvedere.
  • Königin Adelheid (1818) is a Grimm story. In the story, she was besieged by Berengar in the Castle of Canusium. Arduin of Ivrea, who was with her, used a boar in a clever way to deceive the attackers. The siege was then lifted. [50]
  • Adelaide di Borgogna. Una donna medievale is a 2009 fictional work by Giancarlo Patrucco. [51]
  • Adelaide, imperatrice del lago: romanzo storico is a 2011 novel about the empress, written by Ketty Magni. [52]
  • Das Lächeln der Kaiserin Adelheid: weitgehend authentischer historischer Roman über Leben, Lieben und Leiden der Kaiserin Adelheid, zweiter Gemahlin Ottos des Großen is a 2014 novel about her life. [53]
  • Adelheid Von Burgund: Kaiserin des Mittelalters is a 2020 historical novel by Silvia Kornberger. The story is about the period Adelheid (Adelaide) was imprisoned by Berengar together with her daughter Emma and her maid Sophia. Adelheid dreams about her childhood, her mother, her love for Lothar and her childhood heartthrob Otto. [54]
  • She is a character in the 2022 novel Die Herrin der Päpste: Historischer Roman written by Eric Berg and Eric Walz. (The main character, Marozia, was her step-mother-in-law, as wife of Hugh of Italy, whose son Lothair became Adelaide's first husband.) [55]

Films

  • She is portrayed by Hanna Lütje  [ de ] in the 2010 MDR documentary Kaiserin Adelheid – Die mächtigste Frau der Ottonen ("Empress Adelaide, the most powerful lady of the Ottonians"). [56]
  • Adelheid und Theophanu – Zwei Kaiserinnen is a 2021 short animation film by Ute Helmbold made for the exhibition Die Kaiser und die Säulen ihrer Macht" als Online-Ausstellung. [57]

Commemoration

Abel Terral - Sainte Adelaide de France, reine d'Italie, imperatrice d'Allemagne.jpg
Abel Terral's Sainte Adelaide de France, reine d'Italie, imperatrice d'Allemagne
Die Heilige Dreifaltigkeit, die Heiligen Adelheid und Cajetan und der Kurfurst Ferdinand Maria von Bayern mit Familie und Gefolge, Antonio Zanchi.png
Die Heilige Dreifaltigkeit, die Heiligen Adelheid und Cajetan und der Kurfürst Ferdinand Maria von Bayern mit Familie und Gefolge ("The Holy Trinity, Saints Adelaide and Cajetan and Elector Ferdinand Maria of Bavaria , his wife Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy with their family and entourage" by Antonio Zanchi)

As a holy figure, she is venerated in the Catholic Church. Her feast day is December 16. [58] [59]

She is the co-patron of St Hedwig und Adelheid  [ de ] in Adelebsen, Göttingen (district), and the Theatine Church, Munich .

In 2015, there was the exhibition Adelheid? Werden, Wirken, Wunder? in Bonn. [60]

In 2007, a FrauenOrt in Magdeburg was created and dedicated to Adelaide together with Editha and Theophanu. [61]

Notes

    See also

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Adelaide of Italy</span> Holy Roman Empress, Catholic saint (931–999)

    Adelaide of Italy, also called Adelaide of Burgundy, was Holy Roman Empress by marriage to Emperor Otto the Great. She was crowned with him by Pope John XII in Rome on 2 February 962. She was the first empress designated consors regni, denoting a "co-bearer of royalty" who shared power with her husband. She was essential as a model for future consorts regarding both status and political influence. She was regent of the Holy Roman Empire as the guardian of her grandson in 991–995.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Matilda of Ringelheim</span> German queen from 909 to 936

    Matilda of Ringelheim, also known as Saint Matilda, was a Saxon noblewoman who became queen of Germany. Her husband, Henry the Fowler, was the first king from the Ottonian dynasty, and their eldest son, Otto the Great, restored the Holy Roman Empire in 962. Matilda founded several spiritual institutions and women's convents. She was considered to be extremely pious, righteous and charitable. Matilda's two hagiographical biographies and The Deeds of the Saxons serve as authoritative sources about her life and work.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Theophanu</span> Holy Roman Empress from 973 to 983

    Theophanu was empress of the Holy Roman Empire by marriage to Emperor Otto II, and regent of the Empire during the minority of their son, Emperor Otto III, from 983 until her death in 991. She was the niece of the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes. Theophanu was known to be a forceful and capable ruler, and her status in the history of the Empire was in many ways exceptional. According to Wilson, "She became the only consort to receive the title 'co-empress', and it was envisaged she would succeed as sole ruler if Otto II died without a son."

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor</span> Holy Roman Emperor from 973 to 983

    Otto II, called the Red, was Holy Roman Emperor from 973 until his death in 983. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto II was the youngest and sole surviving son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Agnes of Poitou</span> Holy Roman Empress from 1046 to 1056

    Agnes of Poitou was the queen of Germany from 1043 and empress of the Holy Roman Empire from 1046 until 1056 as the wife of Emperor Henry III. From 1056 to 1061, she ruled the Holy Roman Empire as regent during the minority of their son Henry IV.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis V of France</span> King of West Francia from 979 to 987

    Louis V, also known as Louis the Do-Nothing, was a king of West Francia from 979 to his early death in 987. During his reign, the nobility essentially ruled the country. Dying childless, Louis V was the last Carolingian monarch in West Francia.

    Ezzo, sometimes called Ehrenfried, a member of the Ezzonid dynasty, was Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1015 until his death. As brother-in-law of Emperor Otto III, father of Queen Richeza of Poland and several other illustrious children, he was one of the most important figures of the Rhenish history of his time.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Gisela of Swabia</span> Holy Roman Empress from 1027 to 1039

    Gisela of Swabia, was queen of Germany from 1024 to 1039 and empress of the Holy Roman Empire from 1027 to 1039 by her third marriage with Emperor Conrad II. She was the mother of Emperor Henry III. She was regent of Swabia for her minor son Duke Ernest II of Swabia in 1015, although it seems at that time her husband Conrad was the one who held the reins of government, leading to the enmity between stepfather and stepson.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Codex Aureus of Echternach</span> 11th-century illuminated Gospel Book

    The Codex Aureus of Echternach is an illuminated Gospel Book, created in the approximate period 1030–1050, with a re-used front cover from around the 980s. It is now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Adelaide I, Abbess of Quedlinburg</span> 11th-century Princess-abbess of Quedlinburg

    Adelaide I, a member of the royal Ottonian dynasty was the second Princess-abbess of Quedlinburg from 999, and Abbess of Gernrode from 1014, and Abbess of Gandersheim from 1039 until her death, as well as a highly influential kingmaker of medieval Germany.

    Matilda, also known as Mathilda and Mathilde, was a German regent, and the first Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg. She served as regent of Germany for her brother during his absence in 967, and as regent during the minority of her nephew from 984.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim</span> Abbess of Gandersheim from 1002 to 1039

    Sophia I, a member of the royal Ottonian dynasty, was Abbess of Gandersheim from 1002, and from 1011 also Abbess of Essen. The daughter of Emperor Otto II and his consort Theophanu, she was an important kingmaker in medieval Germany.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia</span> Countess Palatine of Lotharingia

    Matilda, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia, was a member of the Ottonian dynasty.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Mathilde, Abbess of Essen</span> Abbess of Essen

    Mathilde was Abbess of Essen Abbey from 973 to her death. She was one of the most important abbesses in the history of Essen. She was responsible for the abbey, for its buildings, its precious relics, liturgical vessels and manuscripts, its political contacts, and for commissioning translations and overseeing education. In the unreliable list of Essen Abbesses from 1672, she is listed as the second Abbess Mathilde and as a result, she is sometimes called "Mathilde II" to distinguish her from the earlier abbess of the same name, who is meant to have governed Essen Abbey from 907 to 910 but whose existence is disputed.

    The Marriage Charter of Empress Theophanu is the dower document for the Byzantine princess Theophanu. Written in Latin, the document was created after the marriage of Theophanu to Emperor Otto II in 972, which made her the empress of the Holy Roman Empire. The document was prepared by Otto II and exemplifies an instance of political and cultural contact between the Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire.

    The history of German women covers gender roles, personalities and movements from medieval times to the present in German-speaking lands.

    The Sainte-Chapelle Gospels or the Sainte-Chapelle Gospel Book is an Ottonian illuminated manuscript now housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris as Latin 8851. It is made up of 156 parchment folios, in a 38.5 cm by 28 cm format, making it one of the largest manuscripts of its era. It includes miniatures such as the canon tables, Christ in majesty and the Four Evangelists. It is the work of the Master of the Registrum Gregorii, the most famous illuminator of the Ottonian Renaissance.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Petershausen Sacramentary</span>

    The Petershausen Sacramentary is an Ottonian illuminated manuscript of around 960–980, produced in the scriptorium of Reichenau Abbey and containing the sacramentary and liturgical calendar. It is now held in the Heidelberg University library.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Cultural depictions of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor</span>

    Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, also called miribilia mundi, despite his short life, is a historical figure who attracts considerable scholarly attention as well as inspires numerous artistic and popular depictions.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Cultural depictions of Theophanu</span> Depictions of the Byzantine princess Theophanu

    Theophanu (955–991) was a Byzantine princess who became Holy Roman Empress through marriage to Emperor Otto II. As the trusted political partner of her husband and later the regent of her young son Otto III, she left a remarkable legacy as one of the most powerful female rulers of the Ottonian era as well as of the Holy Roman Empire's history in general. Her reign is associated with the exchange of political, religious and cultural ideas and international activities between the Western Empire and the East, including the Byzantine Empire as well as the Slavic countries. Although the empress's personal role in some aspects of these processes is a subject of debate, she is often depicted in historiography and artistic portrayals as a cultured, spirited woman who had to adapt to a difficult situation after her husband's death and whose political vision was unfulfilled due to the early deaths of herself and her son. This image is also influenced by the masculine posture she adopted in her lifetime as coimperatrix and even imperator.

    References

    1. ↑ "The Ottonian queen as 'consors regni' – After Empire". arts.st-andrews.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    2. ↑ "December 16 - The Most Important Woman of Her Century". Nobility and Analogous Traditional Elites. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    3. ↑ "Kaiserin Adelheid - Die mächtigste Frau der Ottonen". www.dietempler.net. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    4. ↑ Römische historische Mitteilungen (in German). Hermann Böhlaus Nachf. 1999. p. 430. ISBN   978-3-7001-2841-0. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
    5. ↑ Puhle, Matthias; Hasse, Claus-Peter (2006). Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation 962 bis 1806 - von Otto dem Großen bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters: 29. Ausstellung des Europarates in Magdeburg und Berlin und Landesausstellung Sachsen-Anhalt. Katalog / Redaktion: Dr. Heike Pöppelmann (Leitung). Band 1 (in German). Sandstein. p. 80. ISBN   978-3-937602-59-2. Archived from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
    6. ↑ MacLean 2017, p. 95.
    7. ↑ Stange-Fayos, Christina (2 May 2019). "Die erste Kaiserin". Cahiers d'Études Germaniques (in German). 1 (76): 251–264. doi: 10.4000/ceg.5060 . ISSN   0751-4239. S2CID   198687267. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    8. ↑ MacLean 2017, pp. 95–98.
    9. ↑ Nash 2017, p. PR12.
    10. ↑ Jasperse, Jitske (1 January 2018). "Review Nash, Empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda". Royal Studies Journal. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
    11. ↑ Görich, Knut (2021). "Imperial Ladies of the Ottonian Dynasty (reviewed by Knut Görich) — recensio.net". www.recensio.net: 91–93. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
    12. ↑ Görich 2021, p. 89.
    13. ↑ Buchinger 2016, p. 16.
    14. ↑ Görich 2021, p. 93.
    15. ↑ Jestice 2018, p. 132.
    16. ↑ Buchinger 2016, pp. 5–8.
    17. ↑ Schaus, Margaret C. (20 September 2006). Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN   978-1-135-45960-4. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
    18. ↑ Gertsman, Elina; Rosenwein, Barbara H. (31 May 2018). The Middle Ages in 50 Objects. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN   978-1-107-15038-6. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
    19. ↑ Weinfurter, S. (31 December 1999). "Kaiserin Adelheid und das ottonische Kaisertum". Frühmittelalterliche Studien Band 33. De Gruyter. pp. 1–19. doi:10.1515/9783112422021-002. ISBN   978-3-11-242202-1. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
    20. ↑ Schaus, Margaret C. (20 September 2006). Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 7. ISBN   978-1-135-45960-4. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
    21. ↑ MacLean 2017, p. 99.
    22. ↑ Jestice 2018, p. 22.
    23. ↑ Nash 2017, p. 32.
    24. ↑ Schoenfeld, Hermann (1908). Women of the Teutonic Nations. Rittenhouse Press. p. 128. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    25. ↑ Davids, Adelbert (15 August 2002). The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN   978-0-521-52467-4. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    26. ↑ KG, Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. Künker Auktion 130 - The De Wit Collection of Medieval Coins, 1000 Years of European Coinage, Part II: Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Silesia, Poland, Baltic States, Russia and the golden Horde. Numismatischer Verlag Künker. p. 28. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    27. ↑ Buchinger 2016, pp. 20, 21.
    28. ↑ "St Adelaide Of Burgundy Statue On The Theatinerkirche Theatine Church, Munich, Bavaria Stock Photo - Image of munchen, architecture: 184904800". www.dreamstime.com. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    29. ↑ "Adelaide di Borgogna liberata dal carcere del castello di Garda dal diacono Martino De Maurizio Felice". LombardiaBeniCulturali. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    30. ↑ "SANTA ADELAIDE REGINA IN PREGHIERA RELIQUIARIO, post 1842 - ante 1855". catalogo.beniculturali.it. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    31. ↑ "Incoronazione di Ottone il Grande e Adelaide. Cantagalli inc - Libro Usato - ND - | IBS". www.ibs.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    32. ↑ Selfridge-Field 2007, p. 106.
    33. ↑ Weddigen, Otto (1904). Geschichte der Theater Deutschlands in hundert Abhandlungen dargestellt nebst einem einleitenden Rückblick zur Geschichte der dramatischen Dichtkunst und Schanspielkunst (in German). E. Frensdorff. p. 536. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    34. ↑ Buhr, Christian; Waltenberger, Michael; Zegowitz, Bernd (6 April 2021). Mittelalterrezeption im Musiktheater: Ein stoffgeschichtliches Handbuch (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 105. ISBN   978-3-11-042423-2. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    35. ↑ Gelder, Klaas Van (2 February 2021). More than Mere Spectacle: Coronations and Inaugurations in the Habsburg Monarchy during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Berghahn Books. p. 149. ISBN   978-1-78920-878-8. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    36. ↑ Griffel, Margaret Ross (23 January 2018). Operas in German: A Dictionary. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 5. ISBN   978-1-4422-4797-0. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    37. ↑ Lang, Paul Henry (1 January 1996). George Frideric Handel. Courier Corporation. p. 236. ISBN   978-0-486-29227-4. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    38. ↑ Selfridge-Field, Eleanor (2007). A New Chronology of Venetian Opera and Related Genres, 1660-1760. Stanford University Press. p. 406. ISBN   978-0-8047-4437-9. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    39. ↑ "L'Adelaide, RV 695 (Vivaldi, Antonio) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    40. ↑ Osborne, Richard (27 September 2007). Rossini. Oxford University Press. p. 412. ISBN   978-0-19-988457-5. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    41. ↑ Golinelli, Paolo (2001). Adelaide: regina santa d'Europa (in Italian). Editoriale Jaca Book. p. 14. ISBN   978-88-16-43511-7. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    42. 1 2 3 Buhr, Waltenberger & Zegowitz 2021, p. 96.
    43. ↑ Dassori, Carlo (1903). Opere e operisti (dizionario lirico 1541-1902): Elenco nominativo universale dei maestri compositori di opere teatrali, col prospetto cronologico dei loro principali lavori e catalogo alfabetico generale delle opere serie, semiserie, buffe, comiche e simili rappresentate ... dall'origine dell'opera in musica fino ai dì nostri, coll'indicazione di data e di luogo della prima rappresentazione, avuto speciale riguardo al repertorio italiano (in Italian). Tipografia editrice R. Istituto sordomuti. p. 480. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    44. ↑ Goedeke, Karl (1881). Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung aus den quellen (in German). L. Ehlermann. p. 551. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    45. ↑ Fernbach, Ludwig (1860). "Der" wohl unterrichtete Theaterfreund: Ein unentbehrliches Handbuch für Buchhändler, Leihbibliothekare, Theaterdirektoren, Schauspieler und Theaterfreunde. Enthaltend die dramatischen Erscheinungen von 1849 bis 1859, nach den Titeln der Stücke (und Sammlungen) alphabetisch geordnet und mit allen näheren Bezeichnungen, wo nöthig, auch mit Hinweis auf Gesammtausgaben [et]c. versehen. 4 (in German). Bloch b Firma: L. Lassar's Buchhandlung. p. 5. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
    46. ↑ Hopffer, Emil (1861). Adelheid von Burgund: dramatisches Gedicht (in German). Kölbel. Archived from the original on 2022-07-11. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
    47. ↑ Blanckarts, Moritz (1867). Königin Adelheid. Historisches Schauspiel in 5 Akten (in German). na. p. 48. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    48. ↑ Hermes, Oder, Kritisches Jahrbuch Der Literatur (in German). F.A. Brockhaus. 1824. p. 304. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    49. ↑ "Waldesruhe (Madonna mit Kind, hl. Adelheid und hl. Franziskus)". sammlung.belvedere.at (in German). Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    50. ↑ Grimm, Jacob (1818). Deutsche Sagen (in German). Nicolai. p. 147. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    51. ↑ Püschel, Volker (2014). Das Lächeln der Kaiserin Adelheid: weitgehend authentischer historischer Roman über Leben, Lieben und Leiden der Kaiserin Adelheid, zweiter Gemahlin Ottos des Großen (in German). Selbstverl. ISBN   978-3-00-047304-3. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
    52. ↑ Magni, Ketty (2011). Adelaide, imperatrice del lago: romanzo storico (in Italian). Bellavite. ISBN   978-88-7511-155-7. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    53. ↑ Püschel, Volker (2014). Das Lächeln der Kaiserin Adelheid: weitgehend authentischer historischer Roman über Leben, Lieben und Leiden der Kaiserin Adelheid, zweiter Gemahlin Ottos des Großen (in German). Selbstverl. ISBN   978-3-00-047304-3. Archived from the original on 2022-07-15. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
    54. ↑ Kornberger, Silvia (13 July 2020). Adelheid Von Burgund: Kaiserin des Mittelalters (in German). Independently Published. ISBN   979-8-6509-5946-5. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    55. ↑ Berg, Eric; Walz, Eric (18 July 2022). Die Herrin der Päpste: Historischer Roman (in German). Blanvalet Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN   978-3-641-29160-0 . Retrieved 17 January 2023.
    56. ↑ KG, imfernsehen GmbH & Co (15 January 2015). "Geschichte Mitteldeutschlands Folge 63: Kaiserin Adelheid – Die mächtigste Frau der Ottonen" (in German). Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
    57. ↑ ""Die Kaiser und die Säulen ihrer Macht" als Online-Ausstellung - DIGITALES MUSEUM". www.rheinpfalz.de (in German). 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    58. ↑ "Today, December 16, We Celebrate St. Adelaide". ACI Africa. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    59. ↑ Almeida, Sr Cecília Maria. "St. Adelaide – Empress by Grace… and Audacity! | Heralds of the Gospel Magazine". Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    60. ↑ "Ausstellungseröffnung: Einblick in das Leben der Heiligen Adelheid". bildung.erzbistum-koeln.de (in German). Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
    61. ↑ "2. Sonntagsgesellschaft "FrauenOrte Sachsen-Anhalt e. V. " in Magdeburg mit Übergabe des 40. FrauenOrtes". frauenorte.net (in German). 2 September 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2022.

    Bibliography and further reading

    This page is based on this Wikipedia article
    Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
    Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.