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In the United States penal system, upwards of 20 percent of state and federal prison inmates and 18 percent of local jail inmates are kept in solitary confinement or another form of restrictive housing at some point during their imprisonment. Solitary confinement (sometimes euphemistically called protective custody, punitive segregation (PSEG) or room restriction) generally comes in one of two forms: "disciplinary segregation," in which inmates are temporarily placed in solitary confinement as punishment for rule-breaking; and "administrative segregation," in which prisoners deemed to be a risk to the safety of other inmates, prison staff, or to themselves are placed in solitary confinement for extended periods of time, often months or years.
People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in jail and prison populations in the United States relative to the general population. There are three times more seriously mentally ill people in jails and prisons than in hospitals in the United States. Scholars discuss many different causes of this overrepresentation, including the deinstitutionalization of mentally ill individuals in the mid-twentieth century, inadequate community treatment resources, and the criminalization of mental illness itself. The majority of prisons in the United States employ a psychiatrist and a psychologist. There is a consensus that mentally ill offenders have comparable rates of recidivism to non-mentally ill offenders. Mentally ill people experience solitary confinement at disproportionate rates and are more vulnerable to its adverse psychological effects. Twenty-five states have laws addressing the emergency detention of the mentally ill within jails, and the United States Supreme Court has upheld the right of inmates to mental health treatment.
References
- ↑ Case 1:12-cv-01570 Complaints and Exhibits Archived July 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The United States District Court for the District of Colorado, retrieved 20 June 2012
- ↑ Matsch, Richard P. (November 26, 2012). "Harold Cunningham, John v. Federal Bureau of Prisons". Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
- ↑ Cohen, Andrew (June 18, 2012). "An American Gulag: Descending into Madness at Supermax". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ↑ Binelli, Mark (March 26, 2015). "Inside America's Toughest Federal Prison". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on March 28, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
- ↑ Cohen, Andrew (December 6, 2016). "How America's Most Famous Federal Prison Faced a Dirty Secret". The Marshall Project. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
- 1 2 Gilna, Derek (August 30, 2017). "Federal Court Approves Landmark BOP ADX Mental Health Settlement". Prison Legal News. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2020.
