Cuphophyllus atlanticus

Felted waxcap
	Cuphophyllus atlanticus, Norway
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Hygrophoraceae
Genus:	Cuphophyllus
Species:	C. atlanticus
Binomial name
	Cuphophyllus atlanticus; J.B. Jordal & E. Larss. (2021)

Last updated June 02, 2022

Cuphophyllus atlanticus is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Hygrophoraceae. Until recently (2021), the species was considered to be conspecific with the North American Cuphophyllus canescens , but DNA sequencing has shown that it is distinct.^[2] As C. canescens, it has been given the recommended English name of felted waxcap in the United Kingdom.^[3]Cuphophyllus atlanticus has a European and North American distribution, occurring in Europe mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in C. canescens (including C. atlanticus) being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.^[1]

Taxonomy

The species was first described from Norway in 2021 as a result of molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences. Previously, European specimens had been referred to the similar Cuphophyllus canescens , but the latter species appears to be confined to North America.^[2]

Description

Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 40mm (1.5 in) tall, the cap broadly convex to flat when expanded, up to 40mm (1.5 in) across. The cap surface is smooth, dry, slightly felted, grey to bluish grey. The lamellae (gills) are thick, decurrent (running down the stipe), pale grey. The stipe (stem) is smooth, white to pale grey, lacking a ring. The spore print is white, the spores (under a microscope) smooth, inamyloid, subglobose, c. 5.5 to 6 by 4.5 to 5 μm.^[2]

Similar species

In Europe, the felted waxcap is distinguished from other grey species of Cuphophyllus by its dry, slightly felted cap that is never viscid or greasy.^[4] In North America, C. canescens is very similar, but is said to have drab or brownish tints in the cap and (microscopically) smaller, more globose spores measuring 4 to 5 μm across.^[2]

Distribution and habitat

In Europe, DNA studies have confirmed the presence of the felted waxcap in Norway,^[2] Sweden,^[2] and Scotland.^[5] This is the same northerly distribution previously noted for "C. canescens" in Europe.^[4] In North America, C. atlanticus has been confirmed from the United States (North Carolina) and Canada.^[2]

Recent research suggests waxcaps are neither mycorrhizal nor saprotrophic but may be associated with mosses.^[6]

Conservation

In Europe, Cuphophyllus atlanticus is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and (as C. canescens sensu lato) is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.^[1]

Related Research Articles

Hygrocybe punicea is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of crimson waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Records of H. punicea from North America, East Asia, and Australia require further research to see if they represent the same species.

Cuphophyllus is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. Cuphophyllus species belong to a group known as waxcaps in English, sometimes also waxy caps in North America or waxgills in New Zealand. In Europe, Cuphophyllus species are typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, four species, Cuphophyllus atlanticus, C. colemannianus, C. lacmus, and C. lepidopus are of global conservation concern and are listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Porpolomopsis calyptriformis is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Pink Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. A similar but as yet unnamed species occurs in North America.

Hygrocybe chlorophana is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of golden waxcap in the UK. The species has a largely north temperate distribution, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland in North America and northern Asia; it has also been reported from mountainous areas of southern Australia. It typically produces basidiocarps in the autumn. In a few European countries, H. chlorophana is of conservation concern, appearing on national red lists of threatened fungi.

Cuphophyllus virgineus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. Its recommended English common name is snowy waxcap in the UK. The species has a largely north temperate distribution, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland in North America and northern Asia, but is also known from Australia. It typically produces basidiocarps in the autumn.

Cuphophyllus pratensis is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of meadow waxcap in the UK and in North America has variously been called the meadow waxy cap, salmon waxy cap, and butter meadowcap. The species has a widespread, mainly temperate distribution, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland elsewhere. The basidiocarps are edible and are occasionally collected and sold commercially.

Gliophorus irrigatus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of slimy waxcap in the UK. The species is widespread in temperate regions, occurring in grassland in Europe and in woodland in North America and elsewhere.

Gliophorus europerplexus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of butterscotch waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Gliophorus reginae is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of jubilee waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Gloioxanthomyces vitellinus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Glistening Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Glistening Waxcap being assessed as globally "endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Hygrocybe splendidissima, is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Splendid Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Cuphophyllus canescens is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae, known from North America. In its wide sense it has been assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Hygrocybe citrinovirens is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Citrine Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Neohygrocybe ovina is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of blushing waxcap, since the lamellae (gills) and flesh turn pinkish red when bruised. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Hygrocybe spadicea is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Date Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Cuphophyllus colemannianus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Toasted Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Cuphophyllus lacmus is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Grey Waxcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Neohygrocybe nitrata is a species of agaric in the family Hygrophoraceae. It has been given the recommended English name of nitrous waxcap, based on its smell. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the species being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Entoloma porphyrophaeum is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Lilac Pinkgill. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Entoloma porphyrophaeum has been reported from North America, but at least some of these reports represent a distinct species, Entoloma canadense. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Lilac Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Entoloma griseocyaneum is a species of agaric in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of Felted Pinkgill. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Felted Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

1 2 3 Jordal J. "Cuphophyllus canescens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" . Retrieved 2022-06-02.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jordal JB, Larsson E (2021). "Cuphophyllus atlanticus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) — a new sister species to the North American C. canescens". Agarica. 42: 39–48.
↑ Holden L. "English names for fungi 2022". British Mycological Society . Retrieved 2022-06-02.
1 2 Boertmann D (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.
↑ Fortey R, Skeates S (2022). "The importance of vouchers: Cuphophyllus atlanticus in Britain". Field Mycology. 23 (1): 5–6.
↑ Seitzman BH, Ouimette A, Mixon RL, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS (2011). "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia. 103 (2): 280–290. doi:10.3852/10-195. PMID 21139028. S2CID 318326.

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[iucn2022-1] 1 2 3 Jordal J. "Cuphophyllus canescens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" . Retrieved 2022-06-02.

[Jordal-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jordal JB, Larsson E (2021). "Cuphophyllus atlanticus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) — a new sister species to the North American C. canescens". Agarica. 42: 39–48.

[BMS-3] Holden L. "English names for fungi 2022". British Mycological Society . Retrieved 2022-06-02.

[Boertmann-4] 1 2 Boertmann D (2010). The genus Hygrocybe (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Danish Mycological Society. p. 200. ISBN 978-87-983581-7-6.

[Fortey-5] Fortey R, Skeates S (2022). "The importance of vouchers: Cuphophyllus atlanticus in Britain". Field Mycology. 23 (1): 5–6.

[Seitzman-6] Seitzman BH, Ouimette A, Mixon RL, Hobbie EA, Hibbett DS (2011). "Conservation of biotrophy in Hygrophoraceae inferred from combined stable isotope and phylogenetic analyses". Mycologia. 103 (2): 280–290. doi:10.3852/10-195. PMID 21139028. S2CID 318326.

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