Cytoplast

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A cytoplast is a cellular structure made up of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, but not a nucleus. It is commonly used in cell biology to describe enucleated cells that retain functional cytoplasmic components. Cytoplasts play a crucial role in Cell fusion, reprogramming, and Somatic cell nuclear transfer or SCNT for short. Recent studies have also shown that cytoplasts from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have reprogramming factors that can help turn somatic cells into pluripotent cells(stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type) without needing genetic modifications. [1]

Contents

History

The concept of cytoplasts emerged from early studies on cell division and nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. The term gained popularity in the 1970s and 1980s with advancements in cell fusion techniques and nuclear transfer experiments.

These historical developments have established cytoplasts as essential tools in Cell biology, Regenerative medicine, and Cloning, leading to their continued use in many cellular studies.

Structure

A cytoplast consists of

Types of cytoplasts

Function

1. Cellular reprogramming

2. Role in cell division and cytokinesis

3. Cellular mechanics and structural integrity

4. Application in cloning and assisted reproduction

Mechanisms of cytoplast function

1. Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions

2. Tensegrity model and cytoskeletal organization

3. Cytoplast-mediated reprogramming of somatic cells

4. Cytoplasts and cellular mechanics

References

  1. Mohammed, Abd El-Nasser Ahmed; Al-Suwaiegh, Saker; Al-Shaheen, Tarek (August 2019). "Do the Cytoplast and Nuclear Material of Germinal Vesicle Oocyte Support Developmental Competence Upon Reconstruction with Embryonic/Somatic Nucleus" . Cellular Reprogramming. 21 (4): 163–170. doi:10.1089/cell.2019.0032. ISSN   2152-4971.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mullock, Barbara M.; Luzio, J. Paul (2013), "Theory of Organelle Biogenesis: A Historical Perspective", Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet], Landes Bioscience, retrieved 2025-04-20
  3. 1 2 Porter, K. R.; McNiven, M. A. (May 1982). "The cytoplast: a unit structure in chromatophores". Cell. 29 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90086-1. ISSN   0092-8674. PMID   7105183.
  4. Wilmut, I.; Schnieke, A. E.; McWhir, J.; Kind, A. J.; Campbell, K. H. S. (February 1997). "Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells" . Nature. 385 (6619): 810–813. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..810W. doi:10.1038/385810a0. ISSN   1476-4687. PMID   9039911.
  5. Du, Lili; Lin, Ge; Lu, Guangxiu (2011). "Cytoplast containing reprogramming-related factors from human embryonic stem cells arrested at metaphase" . Development, Growth & Differentiation. 53 (1): 18–25. doi:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2010.01217.x. ISSN   1440-169X.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Efremov, Yuri M.; Kotova, Svetlana L.; Akovantseva, Anastasia A.; Timashev, Peter S. (2020-09-17). "Nanomechanical properties of enucleated cells: contribution of the nucleus to the passive cell mechanics". Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 18 (1): 134. doi: 10.1186/s12951-020-00696-1 . ISSN   1477-3155. PMC   7500557 . PMID   32943055.
  7. 1 2 3 Pickett-Heaps, Jeremy D.; Gunning, Brian E. S.; Brown, Roy C.; Lemmon, Betty E.; Cleary, Ann L. (1999-02-01). "The cytoplast concept in dividing plant cells: cytoplasmic domains and the evolution of spatially organized cell division" . American Journal of Botany. 86 (2): 153–172. doi:10.2307/2656933. ISSN   1537-2197. JSTOR   2656933.