| Daifang Commandery | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 帶方郡 | ||||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 대방군 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 帶方郡 | ||||||||
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The Daifang Commandery was an administrative division established by the Chinese Han dynasty on the Korean Peninsula between 204 and 220. It was conquered by Goguryeo in 314.
Gongsun Kang,a warlord in Liaodong,separated the southern half from the Lelang commandery and established the Daifang commandery sometime between 204 and 220 to make administration more efficient. He controlled southern natives with Daifang instead of Lelang. [1]
In 238 under the order of Emperor Ming of Cao Wei,Sima Yi defeated the Gongsun family and annexed Liaodong,Lelang and Daifang to Wei. [2] A dispute over the control of southern natives caused their revolt. The armies of Lelang and Daifang eventually stifled it.
Daifang Commandery was inherited by the Jin dynasty. Due to the bitter civil War of the Eight Princes,Jin became unable to control the Korean peninsula at the beginning of the 4th century. Zhang Tong (張統) broke away from Jin in Lelang and Daifang. After Luoyang,the capital of Jin,was occupied by the Xiongnu in 311,he went for help to Murong Hui,a Xianbei warlord,with his subjects in 314. Goguryeo under King Micheon annexed Lelang and Daifang soon after that.
The Daifang Commandery was located around Hwanghae and its capital was Daifang County. However,the controversy over its location is not resolved yet. According to a Chinese official chronicle,the Book of Jin (晉書),it had the following seven counties (縣,xian):
The Three Kingdoms from 220 to 280 AD was the tripartite division of China among the dynastic states of Cao Wei,Shu Han,and Eastern Wu. The Three Kingdoms period was preceded by the Eastern Han dynasty and was followed by the Western Jin dynasty. The short-lived state of Yan on the Liaodong Peninsula,which lasted from 237 to 238,is sometimes considered as a "4th kingdom".
The Lelang Commandery was a commandery of the Han dynasty established after it had conquered Wiman Joseon in 108 BC and lasted until Goguryeo conquered it in 313. The Lelang Commandery extended the rule of the Four Commanderies of Han as far south as the Han River in present-day South Korea. South Korean scholars have described its administrative areas as being limited to the Pyongan and Hwanghae regions,whose southern bounds lie roughly 75 miles north of the Han River.
Gongsun Kang was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He became a vassal of the state of Cao Wei in the early Three Kingdoms period.
Wei (220–266),known as Cao Wei (曹魏) or Former Wei in historiography,was a dynastic state of China and one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period. With its capital initially located at Xuchang,and thereafter Luoyang,the state was established by Cao Pi in 220,based upon the foundations laid by his father,Cao Cao,towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty.
Wiman Joseon was a dynasty of Gojoseon. It began with Wiman's seizure of the throne from Gija Joseon's King Jun and ended with the death of King Ugeo who was a grandson of Wiman. Apart from archaeological data,the main source on this historical period comes from chapter 115 of Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian. Wiman was originally a Chinese military leader from the Kingdom of Yan under the Han dynasty.
Buyeo or Puyŏ,also rendered as Fuyu,was an ancient kingdom that was centered in northern Manchuria in modern-day northeast China. It is sometimes considered a Korean kingdom,and had ties to the Yemaek people,who are considered to be the ancestors of modern Koreans. Buyeo is a major predecessor of the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje.
Gongsun Yuan,courtesy name Wenyi,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He rebelled against Wei in 237 and declared himself "King of Yan" (燕王). In 238,the Cao Wei general Sima Yi led forces to Liaodong and successfully conquered Yan.
The military history of the Three Kingdoms period encompasses roughly a century's worth of prolonged warfare and disorder in Chinese history. After the assassination of General-in-chief He Jin in September 189,the administrative structures of the Han government became increasingly irrelevant. By the time of death of Cao Cao,the most successful warlord of North China,in 220,the Han empire was divided between the three rival states of Cao Wei,Shu Han and Eastern Wu. Due to the ensuing turmoil,the competing powers of the Three Kingdoms era found no shortage of willing recruits for their armies,although press-ganging as well as forcible enlistment of prisoners from defeated armies still occurred. Following four centuries of rule under the Han dynasty,the Three Kingdoms brought about a new era of conflict in China that shifted institutions in favor of a more permanent and selective system of military recruitment. This ultimately included the creation of a hereditary military class as well as increasing reliance on non-Chinese cavalry forces and the end of universal conscription.
Gongsun Du,courtesy name Shengji,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was not able to participate in battle until Dong Zhuo seized power from Emperor Shao. Dong Zhuo,hoping to expand the empire,gave Gongsun Du the command to attack the Korean peninsula from across the sea. Gongsun Du was successful in his attack and also took control of the existing Daifang and Lelang commanderies established during the earlier period of the Han dynasty,among others.
King Micheon of Goguryeo was the 15th ruler of Goguryeo,the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
King Sansang of Goguryeo was the 10th ruler of Goguryeo,the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the third son of the eighth king Sindae and the younger brother of the ninth king Gogukcheon,who died without an heir.
You Prefecture or YouProvince,also known by its Chinese name Youzhou,was a prefecture (zhou) in northern China during its imperial era.
The Four Commanderies of Han were Chinese commanderies located in the north of the Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula from around the end of the second century BC through the early 4th AD,for the longest lasting. The commanderies were set up to control the populace in the former Gojoseon area as far south as the Han River,with a core area at Lelang near present-day Pyongyang by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty in early 2nd century BC after his conquest of Wiman Joseon. As such,these commanderies are seen as Chinese colonies by some scholars. Though disputed by North Korean scholars,Western sources generally describe the Lelang Commandery as existing within the Korean peninsula,and extend the rule of the four commanderies as far south as the Han River. However,South Korean scholars assumed its administrative areas to Pyongan and Hwanghae provinces.
The Goguryeo–Wei War was a series of invasions of Goguryeo from 244 to 245 launched by Cao Wei.
Xuantu Commandery was a commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty. It was one of Four Commanderies of Han,established in 107 BCE in the northern Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula,after the Han dynasty conquered Wiman Joseon. Xuantu moved its capital to Liaodong in 75 BC due to native resistance and the area formerly under the Lintun Commandery was transferred to the Lelang Commandery. Xuantu was conquered by Goguryeo in 319 AD.
Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign occurred in 238 CE during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Sima Yi,a general of the state of Cao Wei,led a force of 40,000 troops to attack the kingdom of Yan led by warlord Gongsun Yuan,whose clan had ruled independently from the central government for three generations in the northeastern territory of Liaodong. After a siege that lasted three months,Gongsun Yuan's headquarters fell to Sima Yi with assistance from Goguryeo,and many who served the Yan Kingdom were massacred. In addition to eliminating Wei's rival in the northeast,the acquisition of Liaodong as a result of the successful campaign allowed Wei contact with the non-Han peoples of Manchuria,the Korean Peninsula,and the Japanese archipelago. On the other hand,the war and the subsequent centralisation policies lessened the Chinese grip on the territory,which permitted a number of non-Han states to form in the area in later centuries.
The Zhenfan Commandery was one of the Four Commanderies of the Chinese Han dynasty located on the Korean Peninsula. It existed between 108 BC and 82 BC.
Liang Mao,courtesy name Bofang,was a scholar and official serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Yan was a Chinese kingdom that existed from July 237 to September 238 CE in the Liaodong Peninsula during the Three Kingdoms period. Its predecessor was an independent regime ruled by Gongsun Du and his son Gongsun Kang from 190 to 237. Though it only claimed independence in 237,historians such as Wang Zhongshu and Hou Tao consider it to be a de facto independent regime from when Gongsun Du established his rule in Liaodong in 190. Although it existed during the Three Kingdoms period,it is not counted as one of the eponymous three kingdoms:Cao Wei,Shu Han,and Eastern Wu. Nevertheless,writers such as Kang Youwei consider it to be a "fourth country".
Xiangping is a historical name of Liaoyang,Liaoning province. Xiangping was first mentioned in history as the capital of the Liaodong Commandery in the state of Yan,and the eastern terminus of the Great Wall of Yan established in 284 BC. After the unification of China by the Qin dynasty,Xiangping became the political and cultural center of what is now Northeastern China. From the 4th century onward,Xiangping was successively ruled by the Former Yan and Later Yan. The city was taken by Goguryeo in AD 404 and renamed to Liaodong/Yodong (遼東) City. It saw several major battles during the Goguryeo–Sui War and Goguryeo–Tang Wars before eventually falling to the Tang dynasty.