| Daifang Commandery | |||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 帶方郡 | ||||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 대방군 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 帶方郡 | ||||||||
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The Daifang Commandery was an administrative division established by the Chinese Han dynasty on the Korean Peninsula between 204 and 220. It was conquered by Goguryeo in 314.
Gongsun Kang,a warlord in Liaodong,separated the southern half from the Lelang commandery and established the Daifang commandery sometime between 204 and 220 to make administration more efficient. He controlled southern natives with Daifang instead of Lelang. [1]
In 238 under the order of Emperor Ming of Cao Wei,Sima Yi defeated the Gongsun family and annexed Liaodong,Lelang and Daifang to Wei. [2] A dispute over the control of southern natives caused their revolt. The armies of Lelang and Daifang eventually stifled it.
Daifang Commandery was inherited by the Jin dynasty. Due to the bitter civil War of the Eight Princes,Jin became unable to control the Korean peninsula at the beginning of the 4th century. Zhang Tong (張統) broke away from Jin in Lelang and Daifang. After Luoyang,the capital of Jin,was occupied by the Xiongnu in 311,he went for help to Murong Hui,a Xianbei warlord,with his subjects in 314. Goguryeo under King Micheon annexed Lelang and Daifang soon after that.
The Daifang Commandery was located around Hwanghae and its capital was Daifang County. However,the controversy over its location is not resolved yet. According to a Chinese official chronicle,the Book of Jin (晉書),it had the following seven counties (縣,xian):
The Three Kingdoms of Cao Wei,Shu Han,and Eastern Wu dominated China from 220 to 280 AD following the end of the Han dynasty. This period was preceded by the Eastern Han dynasty and followed by the Western Jin dynasty. Academically,the periodisation begins with the establishment of Cao Wei in 220 and ends with the conquest of Wu by Jin in 280. The period immediately preceding the Three Kingdoms,from 184 to 220,was marked by chaotic infighting among warlords across China as Han authority collapsed. The period from 220 to 263 was marked by a comparatively stable arrangement between Cao Wei,Shu Han,and Eastern Wu. This stability broke down with the conquest of Shu by Wei in 263,followed by the usurpation of Cao Wei by Jin in 266 and ultimately the conquest of Wu by Jin in 280.
The Lelang Commandery was a commandery of the Han dynasty established after it had conquered Wiman Joseon in 108 BC and lasted until Goguryeo conquered it in 313. The Lelang Commandery extended the rule of the Four Commanderies of Han as far south as the Han River in present-day South Korea. South Korean scholars have described its administrative areas as being limited to the Pyongan and Hwanghae regions,whose southern bounds lie roughly 75 miles north of the Han River.
Gongsun Kang was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He became a vassal of the state of Cao Wei in the early Three Kingdoms period.
Wei was one of the major dynastic states in China during the Three Kingdoms period. The state was established in 220 by Cao Pi based upon the foundations laid by his father Cao Cao during the end of the Han dynasty. Its capital was initially located at Xuchang,and was later moved to Luoyang.
Buyeo,also rendered as Puyŏ or Fuyu,was an ancient kingdom that was centered in northern Manchuria in modern-day northeast China. It had ties to the Yemaek people,who are considered to be the ancestors of modern Koreans. Buyeo is considered a major predecessor of the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje.
Gongsun Yuan,courtesy name Wenyi,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He rebelled against Wei in 237 and declared himself "King of Yan" (燕王). In 238,the Cao Wei general Sima Yi led forces to Liaodong and successfully conquered Yan.
The military history of the Three Kingdoms period encompasses roughly a century's worth of prolonged warfare and disorder in Chinese history. After the assassination of General-in-chief He Jin in September 189,the administrative structures of the Han government became increasingly irrelevant. By the time of death of Cao Cao,the most successful warlord of North China,in 220,the Han empire was divided between the three rival states of Cao Wei,Shu Han and Eastern Wu. Due to the ensuing turmoil,the competing powers of the Three Kingdoms era found no shortage of willing recruits for their armies,although press-ganging as well as forcible enlistment of prisoners from defeated armies still occurred. Following four centuries of rule under the Han dynasty,the Three Kingdoms brought about a new era of conflict in China that shifted institutions in favor of a more permanent and selective system of military recruitment. This ultimately included the creation of a hereditary military class as well as increasing reliance on non-Chinese cavalry forces and the end of universal conscription.
Gongsun Du,courtesy name Shengji,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was not able to participate in battle until Dong Zhuo seized power from Emperor Shao. Dong Zhuo,hoping to expand the empire,gave Gongsun Du the command to attack the Korean peninsula from across the sea. Gongsun Du was successful in his attack and also took control of the existing Daifang and Lelang commanderies established during the earlier period of the Han dynasty,among others.
King Micheon was the 15th ruler of Goguryeo,the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
King Sansang was the 10th ruler of Goguryeo,the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. He was the third son of the eighth king Sindae and the younger brother of the ninth king Gogukcheon,who died without an heir.
You Prefecture or YouProvince,also known by its Chinese name Youzhou,was a prefecture (zhou) in northern China during its imperial era.
The Four Commanderies of Han were Chinese commanderies located in the north of the Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula from around the end of the second century BC through the early 4th AD,for the longest lasting. The commanderies were set up to control the populace in the former areas of Gojoseon as far south as the Han River,with a core area at Lelang near present-day Pyongyang by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty in early 2nd century BC after his conquest of Wiman Joseon. As such,these commanderies are seen as Chinese colonies by some scholars. Though disputed by North Korean scholars,Western sources generally describe the Lelang Commandery as existing within the Korean peninsula,and extend the rule of the four commanderies as far south as the Han River. However,South Korean scholars assumed its administrative areas to Pyongan and Hwanghae provinces.
The Goguryeo–Wei War was a series of invasions of Goguryeo from 244 to 245 launched by Cao Wei.
Xuantu Commandery was a commandery of the Chinese Han dynasty. It was one of Four Commanderies of Han,established in 107 BCE in the northern Korean Peninsula and part of the Liaodong Peninsula,after the Han dynasty conquered Wiman Joseon. Xuantu moved its capital to Liaodong in 75 BC due to native resistance and the area formerly under the Lintun Commandery was transferred to the Lelang Commandery. Xuantu was conquered by Goguryeo in 319 AD.
Gaogouli County was a county of the Chinese Han dynasty under the administration of Xuantu Commandery located in southern Manchuria and the northern Korean Peninsula. It was established by the Han dynasty after its conquest of Gojoseon to keep the tribes of Goguryeo in check. In 75 BC,Xuantu Commandery was forced to move its seat of power from Fort Okjeo to Gaogouli County due to Yemaek raids. From 75 BC to 12 AD,Goguryeo tribes were under administration of Gaogouli County and engaged in tributary relationship with the Han dynasty. In 12 AD,Goguryeo rebelled against the Han dynasty and established its own kingdom,and in 105 AD,began attacking the Chinese commanderies of Xuantu and Liaodong. Later,in the 4th century,the State of Goguryeo conquered Xuantu Commandery,along with the Liaodong and Lelang commanderies,ending Han rule over the Liaodong Peninsula and the Korean Peninsula.
Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign occurred in 238 CE during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Sima Yi,a general of the state of Cao Wei,led a force of 40,000 troops to attack the kingdom of Yan led by warlord Gongsun Yuan,whose clan had ruled independently from the central government for three generations in the northeastern territory of Liaodong. After a siege that lasted three months,Gongsun Yuan's headquarters fell to Sima Yi with assistance from Goguryeo,and many who served the Yan Kingdom were massacred. In addition to eliminating Wei's rival in the northeast,the acquisition of Liaodong as a result of the successful campaign allowed Wei contact with the non-Han peoples of Manchuria,the Korean Peninsula,and the Japanese archipelago. On the other hand,the war and the subsequent centralisation policies lessened the Chinese grip on the territory,which permitted a number of non-Han states to form in the area in later centuries.
The Zhenfan Commandery was one of the Four Commanderies of the Chinese Han dynasty located on the Korean Peninsula. It existed between 108 BC and 82 BC.
Liang Mao,courtesy name Bofang,was a scholar and official serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Yan was a Chinese kingdom that existed from July 237 to September 238 CE in the Liaodong Peninsula during the Three Kingdoms period. Its predecessor was an independent regime ruled by Gongsun Du and his son Gongsun Kang from 190 to 237. Though it only claimed independence in 237,historians such as Wang Zhongshu and Hou Tao consider it to be a de facto independent regime from when Gongsun Du established his rule in Liaodong in 190. Although it existed during the Three Kingdoms period,it is not counted as one of the eponymous three kingdoms:Cao Wei,Shu Han,and Eastern Wu. Nevertheless,writers such as Kang Youwei consider it to be a "fourth country".
Xiangping is a historical name of Liaoyang,Liaoning province. Xiangping was first mentioned in history as the capital of the Liaodong Commandery in the state of Yan,and the eastern terminus of the Great Wall of Yan established in 284 BC. After the unification of China by the Qin dynasty,Xiangping became the political and cultural center of what is now Northeastern China. From the 4th century onward,Xiangping was successively ruled by the Former Yan and Later Yan. The city was taken by Goguryeo in AD 404 and renamed to Liaodong/Yodong (遼東) City. It saw several major battles during the Goguryeo–Sui War and Goguryeo–Tang Wars before eventually falling to the Tang dynasty.