Daniel Goldhagen

Last updated

Daniel Goldhagen
Daniel Goldhagen Crop.jpg
Goldhagen in Manor house
BornDaniel Jonah Goldhagen
(1959-06-30) June 30, 1959 (age 65)
Boston, Massachusetts
Occupation Political scientist, author
Education Harvard University
Spouse Sarah Williams Goldhagen

Daniel Jonah Goldhagen (born June 30, 1959) [1] is an American author, and former associate professor of government and social studies at Harvard University. Goldhagen reached attention and broad criticism as the author of two books about the holocaust: Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996), described by topic expert Raul Hilberg as "worthless", and A Moral Reckoning (2002). He is also the author of Worse Than War (2009), which examines the phenomenon of genocide, and The Devil That Never Dies (2013), in which he traces a worldwide rise in virulent antisemitism. [2] [3]

Contents

Biography

Daniel Goldhagen was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Erich and Norma Goldhagen. He grew up in nearby Newton. [4] His wife Sarah (née Williams) is an architectural historian, and critic for The New Republic magazine. [5]

Daniel Goldhagen's father is Erich Goldhagen, a retired Harvard professor. Erich is a Holocaust survivor who, with his family, was interned in a Nazi Jewish ghetto in Czernowitz (present-day Ukraine). [4] [ needs update ] Daniel credits his father for being a "model of intellectual sobriety and probity". [6] Goldhagen has written that his "understanding of Nazism and of the Holocaust is firmly indebted" to his father's influence. [6] In 1977, Goldhagen entered Harvard, and remained there for some twenty years - first as an undergraduate and graduate student, then as an assistant professor in the Government and Social Studies Department. [7] [8]

During early graduate studies, he attended a lecture by Saul Friedländer, in which he had what he describes as a "lightbulb moment": The functionalism versus intentionalism debate did not address the question, "When Hitler ordered the annihilation of the Jews, why did people execute the order?". Goldhagen wanted to investigate who the German men and women who killed the Jews were, and their reasons for killing. [4]

Academic and literary career

As a graduate student, Goldhagen undertook research in the German archives. [4] [9] The thesis of Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust proposes that, during the Holocaust, many killers were ordinary Germans, who killed for having been raised in a profoundly antisemitic culture, and thus were acculturated — "ready and willing" — to execute the Nazi government's genocidal plans.

Goldhagen's first notable work was a book review titled "False Witness" published by The New Republic magazine on April 17, 1989. It was one in a series of hostile reviews of the 1988 book Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? by an American-Jewish professor of Princeton University born in Luxembourg, Arno J. Mayer. [10] Goldhagen wrote that "Mayer's enormous intellectual error" was in ascribing the cause of the Holocaust to anti-Communism, rather than to antisemitism, [11] and criticized Prof. Mayer's saying that most massacres of Jews in the USSR, during the first weeks of Operation Barbarossa in the summer of 1941, were committed by local peoples (see the Lviv pogroms for more historical background), with little Wehrmacht participation. [11] Goldhagen accused him also of misrepresenting the facts about the Wannsee Conference (1942), which was meant for plotting the genocide of European Jews, not (as Mayer said) merely the resettlement of the Jews. [11] Goldhagen further accused Mayer of obscurantism, of suppressing historical fact, and of being an apologist for Nazi Germany, like Ernst Nolte, for attempting to "de-demonize" National Socialism. [11] Also in 1989, historian Lucy Dawidowicz reviewed Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? in Commentary magazine, and praised Goldhagen's "False Witness" review, identifying him as a rising Holocaust historian who formally rebutted "Mayer's falsification" of history. [10] [12]

In 2003, Goldhagen resigned from Harvard to focus on writing. His work synthesizes four historical elements, kept distinct for analysis; as presented in the books A Moral Reckoning: the Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair (2002) and Worse Than War (2009): (i) description (what happens), (ii) explanation (why it happens), (iii) moral evaluation (judgment), and (iv) prescription (what is to be done?). [13] [14] According to Goldhagen, his Holocaust studies address questions about the political, social, and cultural particulars behind other genocides: "Who did the killing?" and "What, despite temporal and cultural differences, do mass killings have in common?", which yielded Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity, about the global nature of genocide, and averting such crimes against humanity. [15]

Books

Hitler's Willing Executioners

Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996) posits that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were "willing executioners" in the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist antisemitism" in German identity that had developed in the preceding centuries. Goldhagen argued that this form of antisemitism was widespread in Germany, that it was unique to Germany, and that because of it, ordinary Germans willingly killed Jews. Goldhagen asserted that this mentality grew out of medieval attitudes with a religious basis, but was eventually secularized. [16] Goldhagen's book was meant to be a "thick description" in the manner of Clifford Geertz. [17] As such, to prove his thesis Goldhagen focused on the behavior of ordinary Germans who killed Jews, especially the behavior of the men of Order Police (Orpo) Reserve Battalion 101 in occupied Poland in 1942 to argue ordinary Germans possessed by "eliminationist anti-Semitism" chose to willingly murder Jews in cruel and sadistic ways. [18] Scholars such as Yehuda Bauer, Otto Kulka and Israel Gutman among others had asserted before Goldhagen, the primacy of ideology, radical anti-Semitism, and the corollary of an inimitability exclusive to Germany. [19]

The book, which began as a doctoral dissertation, was written largely as a response to Christopher Browning's Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (1992). [20] Much of Goldhagen's book was concerned with the same Order Police battalion, but with very different conclusions. [21] On April 8, 1996, Browning and Goldhagen discussed their differences during a symposium hosted by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. [22] Browning's book recognizes the impact of the unending campaign of antisemitic propaganda, but it takes other factors into account, such as fear of breaking ranks, desire for career advancement, a concern not to be viewed as weak, the effect of state bureaucracy, [23] battlefield conditions and peer-bonding. [21] [24] Goldhagen does not acknowledge the influence of these variables. Goldhagen's book went on to win the American Political Science Association's 1994 Gabriel A. Almond Award in comparative politics and the Democracy Prize of the Journal for German and International Politics. [25] Time magazine reported that it was one of the two most important books of 1996, [26] and The New York Times called it "one of those rare, new works that merit the appellation 'landmark'". [27]

The book sparked controversy in the press and academic circles. Several historians characterized its reception as an extension of the Historikerstreit , the German historiographical debate of the 1980s that sought to explain Nazi history. [28] The book was a "publishing phenomenon", [29] achieving fame in both the United States and Germany despite being criticized by some historians, [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] who called it ahistorical and, [35] according to Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg, "totally wrong about everything" and "worthless". [36] [37] Due to its alleged "generalizing hypothesis" about Germans, it has been characterized as anti-German. [38] [39] [40] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer claims that "Goldhagen stumbles badly", "Goldhagen's thesis does not work", [41] and charges "... that the anti-German bias of his book, almost a racist bias (however much he may deny it), leads nowhere". [42] The American historian Fritz Stern denounced the book as unscholarly and full of racist Germanophobia. [43] Hilberg summarised the debates, "by the end of 1996, it was clear that in sharp distinction from lay readers, much of the academic world had wiped Goldhagen off the map". [44]

A Moral Reckoning

In 2002, Goldhagen published A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair , his account of the role of the Catholic Church before, during and after World War II. In the book, Goldhagen acknowledges that individual bishops and priests hid and saved a large number of Jews, [45] but also asserts that others promoted or accepted antisemitism before [46] and during the war, [47] and some played a direct role in the persecution of Jews in Europe during the Holocaust. [48]

David Dalin and Joseph Bottum of The Weekly Standard criticized the book, calling it a "misuse of the Holocaust to advance [an] anti-Catholic agenda", and poor scholarship. [49] Goldhagen noted in an interview with The Atlantic, as well as in the book's introduction, that the title and the first page of the book reveal its purpose as a moral, rather than historical analysis, asserting that he has invited European Church representatives to present their own historical account in discussing morality and reparation. [50]

Worse Than War

In Worse than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity (2009), Goldhagen described Nazism and the Holocaust as "eliminationist assaults". He worked on the book intermittently for a decade, interviewing atrocity perpetrators and victims in Rwanda, Bosnia, Guatemala, Cambodia, Kenya, and the USSR, and politicians, government officers, and private humanitarian organization officers. [51] Goldhagen states that his aim is to help "craft institutions and politics that will save countless lives and also lift the lethal threat under which so many people live". He concludes that eliminationist assaults are preventable because "the world's non-mass-murdering countries are wealthy and powerful, having prodigious military capabilities (and they can band together)", whereas the perpetrator countries "are overwhelmingly poor and weak". [52] [53]

The book was cinematically adapted, and the documentary film of Worse Than War was first presented in the U.S. in Aspen, Colorado, on August 6, 2009 – the sixty-fourth anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945. [54] In Germany, the documentary was first broadcast by the ARD television network October 18, 2009, [55] and was to be nationally broadcast by PBS in 2010. [56] Uğur Ümit Üngör criticized the title of the book, stating "Worse than war? What does that mean? If I write a book about the enormous destruction and deaths of innocent people brought about by war, could I call it Better than Genocide?" [57]

David Rieff, characterizing Goldhagen as a "pro-Israel polemicist and amateur historian", writes that the subtext of what Goldhagen deems "eliminationism" may be his own view of contemporary Islam. Rieff writes that Goldhagen's website states that the author "speaks nationally ... about Political Islam's Offensive, the threat to Israel, Hitler's Willing Executioners, the Globalization of Anti-Semitism, and more". [53] Rieff questions Goldhagen's equating the "culture of death" of Nazism with that of "political Islam", as well as Goldhagen's conclusion that, in order to prevent "eliminationism", the United Nations should be remade into an interventionist entity focusing on "a devoted international push for democratizing more countries". [53]

Adam Jones, who praised this book for its fluid style and commendable passion, concludes however, that the book is undermined by a casual approach to basic research, and by the author's tendency to overreach and overstate his case. [58] The British historian David Elstein accused Goldhagen of manipulating his sources to make a false accusation of genocide against the British during the Mau Mau Uprising of the 1950s in Kenya. [59] Elstein wrote in his view that the chapter on Kenya left Goldhagen open "...to the charge that he is the kind of scholar who is either unaware of the facts or prefers to exclude those which do not fit his thesis". [59]

Personal life

Goldhagen has been a vegetarian since the age of 10. [60] Since 1999, Goldhagen has been married to Sarah Williams Goldhagen.

Awards and recognition

Selected works

Related Research Articles

<i>The Holocaust Industry</i> 2000 book by Norman Finkelstein

The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering is a book by Norman Finkelstein arguing that the American Jewish establishment exploits the memory of the Nazi Holocaust for political and financial gain and to further Israeli interests. According to Finkelstein, this "Holocaust industry" has corrupted Jewish culture and the authentic memory of the Holocaust.

<i>The Destruction of the European Jews</i> 1961 historical book by Raul Hilberg

The Destruction of the European Jews is a 1961 book by historian Raul Hilberg. Hilberg revised his work in 1985, and it appeared in a new three-volume edition. It is largely held to be the first comprehensive historical study of the Holocaust. According to Holocaust historian, Michael R. Marrus, until the book appeared, little information about the genocide of the Jews by Nazi Germany had "reached the wider public" in both the West and the East, and even in pertinent scholarly studies it was "scarcely mentioned or only mentioned in passing as one more atrocity in a particularly cruel war".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raul Hilberg</span> Austrian-born American political scientist and historian

Raul Hilberg was a Jewish Austrian-born American political scientist and historian. He was widely considered to be the preeminent scholar on the Holocaust. Christopher R. Browning has called him the founding father of Holocaust studies and his three-volume, 1,273-page magnum opus, The Destruction of the European Jews, is regarded as seminal for research into the Nazi Final Solution.

<i>The War Against the Jews</i> 1975 non-fiction book by Lucy Dawidowicz

The War Against the Jews is a 1975 book by Lucy Dawidowicz. The book researches the Holocaust of the European Jewry during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ian Kershaw</span> British historian of Nazi Germany (born 1943)

Sir Ian Kershaw is an English historian whose work has chiefly focused on the social history of 20th-century Germany. He is regarded by many as one of the world's foremost experts on Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, and is particularly noted for his biographies of Hitler.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christopher R. Browning</span> American historian of the Holocaust

Christopher Robert Browning is an American historian and is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC). A specialist on the Holocaust, Browning is known for his work documenting the Final Solution, the behavior of those implementing Nazi policies, and the use of survivor testimony. He is the author of nine books, including Ordinary Men (1992) and The Origins of the Final Solution (2004).

The functionalism–intentionalism debate is a historiographical debate about the reasons for the Holocaust as well as most aspects of the Third Reich, such as foreign policy. It essentially centres on two questions:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eberhard Jäckel</span> German historian (1929–2017)

Eberhard Jäckel was a German historian. In the 1980s, he was a principal protagonist in the Historians' Dispute (Historikerstreit) over how to incorporate Nazi Germany and the Holocaust into German historiography and over Hitler's intentions.

<i>Hitlers Willing Executioners</i> Book by Daniel Goldhagen

Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust is a 1996 book by American writer Daniel Goldhagen, in which he argues collective guilt, that the vast majority of ordinary Germans were "willing executioners" in the Holocaust because of a unique and virulent "eliminationist antisemitism" in German political culture which had developed in the preceding centuries. Goldhagen argues that eliminationist antisemitism was the cornerstone of German national identity, was unique to Germany, and because of it ordinary German conscripts killed Jews willingly. Goldhagen asserts that this mentality grew out of medieval attitudes rooted in religion and was later secularized.

David Schoenbaum is an American historian writing on a wide range of subjects, including German political history, European and global cultural history, and U.S. diplomatic history.

Responsibility for the Holocaust is the subject of an ongoing historical debate that has spanned several decades. The debate about the origins of the Holocaust is known as functionalism versus intentionalism. Intentionalists such as Lucy Dawidowicz argue that Adolf Hitler planned the extermination of the Jewish people as early as 1918 and personally oversaw its execution. However, functionalists such as Raul Hilberg argue that the extermination plans evolved in stages, as a result of initiatives that were taken by bureaucrats in response to other policy failures. To a large degree, the debate has been settled by acknowledgement of both centralized planning and decentralized attitudes and choices.

<i>A Moral Reckoning</i> 2002 book by Daniel Jonah Goldhagen

A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Holocaust and Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair is a 2003 book by the political scientist Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, previously the author of Hitler's Willing Executioners (1996). Goldhagen examines the Roman Catholic Church's role in the Holocaust and offers a review of scholarship in English addressing what he argues is antisemitism throughout the history of the Church, which he claims contributed substantially to the persecution of the Jews during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Norman Finkelstein</span> American political scientist (born 1953)

Norman Gary Finkelstein is an American political scientist and activist. His primary fields of research are the politics of the Holocaust and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Secondary antisemitism is a distinct form of antisemitism which is said to have appeared after the end of World War II. Secondary antisemitism is often explained as being caused by the Holocaust, as opposed to existing in spite of it. One frequently quoted formulation of the concept, first published in Henryk M. Broder's 1986 book Der Ewige Antisemit, stems from the Israeli psychiatrist Zvi Rex, who once remarked: "The Germans will never forgive the Jews for Auschwitz." The term was coined by Peter Schönbach, a Frankfurt School co-worker of Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer, based on their critical theory.

The notion of a second Holocaust is an assertion that the Holocaust or a similar event is recurring or will recur. It is often used to discuss real or perceived threats to the State of Israel, the Jewish people, or the Jewish way of life.

Eliminationism is the belief that a social group is, in the words of Oklahoma City University School of Law professor Phyllis E. Bernard, "a cancer on the body politic that must be excised—either by separation from the public at large, through censorship or by outright extermination—in order to protect the purity of the nation."

Eliminationist antisemitism is an extreme form of antisemitism which seeks to completely purge Jews and Judaism from society, either through genocide or through other means. Eliminationist antisemitism evolved from older concepts of religious antisemitism. The concept was developed by Daniel Goldhagen in his book Hitler's Willing Executioners to describe German antisemitism in the twentieth century, but has since been adapted and used to describe antisemitism in other societies and eras.

Ruth Bettina Birn is a Canadian historian and author whose main field of research is the security forces of Nazi Germany and their role in the Holocaust. For nearly 15 years, she held a position of chief historian in the war crimes section at the Canadian Department of Justice. Birn co-authored A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth with Norman Finkelstein.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">30 January 1939 Reichstag speech</span> Speech by Adolf Hitler

On 30 January 1939, Nazi German dictator Adolf Hitler gave a speech in the Kroll Opera House to the Reichstag delegates, which is best known for the prediction he made that "the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe" would ensue if another world war were to occur.

Józefów Massacre refers to the mass murder of Polish Jewish inhabitants of Józefów Biłgorajski carried out by German occupiers on 13 July 1942. On Winiarczykowa Góra near Józefów, officers of the 101st Reserve Police Battalion shot 1,300 to 1,500 Jews. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly.

References

  1. ↑ U.S. Public Records Index Vol 1 & 2 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010.
  2. ↑ Benhorin, Yitzhak (July 31, 2012). "Report: Rise in global anti-Semitism". Ynetnews . Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  3. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey (October 11, 2013). "Jonah Goldhagen's Devil That Never Dies". The New York Times.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Smith, Dinita (April 1, 1996). "Challenging a View of the Holocaust". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  5. ↑ "The New Republic Masthead" . Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  6. 1 2 Goldhagen, Daniel (1997). Hitlers Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust. Alfred A. Knopf.
  7. ↑ Ruber, Deborah Bradley (January 9, 1997). "Goldhagen Wins German Prize For Holocaust Book". The Harvard University Gazette. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  8. ↑ "Daniel Jonah Goldhagen's Website" . Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  9. ↑ Carl F. Lankowski, ed. (August 1999). Breakdown, Breakup, Breakthrough: Germany's Difficult Passage To Modernity. Berghahn Books, Incorporated. ISBN   978-1-57181-211-7.
  10. 1 2 Guttenplan, D. D. The Holocaust on Trial , New York: Norton, 2001 p. 74. ISBN   0393346056.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Goldhagen, Daniel. "False Witness," The New Republic, April 17, 1989 pp. 39-43.
  12. ↑ Dawidowicz, Lucy, "Perversions of the Holocaust", pp. 56–60, from Commentary, vol. 88, no. 4, October 1989, p. 58.
  13. ↑ Goldhagen, Daniel (2002). A Moral Reckoning: The Role of the Catholic Church In The Holocaust And Its Unfulfilled Duty of Repair . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp.  5–6. ISBN   978-0-375-41434-3.
  14. ↑ Goldhagen, Daniel (October 2009). Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity . New York: Public Affairs. p.  32. ISBN   978-1-58648-769-0.
  15. ↑ Goldhagen, Daniel (October 2009). Worse Than War: Genocide, Eliminationism, and the Ongoing Assault on Humanity. New York: Public Affairs. p.  631. ISBN   978-1-58648-769-0.
  16. ↑ Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and The Holocaust. Alfred A Knopf, p. 53.
  17. ↑ Clendinnean, Inga (1999). Reading the Holocaust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 117.
  18. ↑ Clendinnean, Inga (1999). Reading the Holocaust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 115–117.
  19. ↑ Bauer, Yehuda (January–April 1997). "On Perpetrators of the Holocaust and the Public Discourse". The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. 87 (3/4): 345. doi:10.2307/1455190. JSTOR   1455190.
  20. ↑ Hilberg, Raul (Summer 1997). "The Goldhagen Phenomenon". Critical Inquiry. 23 (4): 721–722 (721–728). doi:10.1086/448851. JSTOR   1344046. S2CID   161718990.
  21. 1 2 Bauer, Yehuda (2002). Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 107.
  22. ↑ "The 'Willing Executioners'/'Ordinary Men' Debate". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, selections from the symposium of April 8, 1996.
  23. ↑ Stern, Fritz (November–December 1996). "The Goldhagen Controversy: One Nation, One People, One Theory?". Foreign Affairs. 75 (6): 134–135. doi:10.2307/20047834. JSTOR   20047834.
  24. ↑ Browning, Christopher (1992). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland . New York: Harper Collins. pp.  195–201. ISBN   978-0060995065.
  25. ↑ Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs (January 9, 1997). "Harvard Gazette". News.harvard.edu. Retrieved August 26, 2012.
  26. ↑ "Books: The Best Books of 1996". Time. December 23, 1996. Archived from the original on January 10, 2007.
  27. ↑ Bernstein, Richard (March 9, 1997). "Was Slaughter of Jews Embraced by Germans?". The New York Times. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  28. ↑ Donat, Helmut (1991). "Auschwitz erst möglich gemacht?": Überlegungen zur jüngsten konservativen Geschichtsbewältigung. Bremen: Umbruch Verlag & Versandantiquariat. ISBN   9783924444396.
  29. ↑ Crawshaw, Steve (2004). Easier fatherland. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 136–137. ISBN   978-0-8264-6320-3.
  30. ↑ Shatz, Adam. (April 8, 1998) Goldhagen's willing executioners: the attack on a scholarly superstar, and how he fights back Slate . Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  31. ↑ Kershaw, Ian The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation London : Arnold 2000, pp. 254–256.
  32. ↑ "The Past Distorted: The Goldhagen Controversy" in Einstein's German World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, pp. 272–288.
  33. ↑ Kershaw, Ian The Nazi Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation London: Arnold 2000, p. 255.
  34. ↑ "The Goldhagen Controversy: Agonising Problems, Scholarly Failure, and the Political Dimension", in German History, vol. 15, 1997, pp. 80–91.
  35. ↑ "Ordinary People?" National Review , vol. 48 no. # 12, July 1, 1996, pp. 54–56.
  36. ↑ "RAUL HILBERG – IS THERE A NEW ANTI-SEMITISM? A CONVERSATION WITH RAUL HILBERG – LOGOS 6.1–2 WINTER-SPRING 2007". Logosjournal.com. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  37. ↑ http://web.ceu.hu/jewishstudies/pdf/01_kwiet.pdf Archived October 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine [ bare URL PDF ]
  38. ↑ Bill Niven, William John Niven. Facing the Nazi Past: United Germany and the Legacy of the Third Reich. 2004, p. 116
  39. ↑ Robert R. Shandley. Unwilling Germans?: the Goldhagen debate. 1998, p. 17
  40. ↑ Paul Gottfried. Multiculturalism and the politics of guilt. 2004, p. 94
  41. ↑ Bauer 2000, p. 100.
  42. ↑ Bauer 2000, p. 108.
  43. ↑ Stern, Fritz (1999). "The Goldhagen Controversy: The Past Distorted", in: Einstein's German World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 272–288. ISBN   0-691-05939-X
  44. ↑ Hilberg 1997, p. 725.
  45. ↑ Goldhagen 2002, pp.  50–51.
  46. ↑ Goldhagen 2002, p.  226.
  47. ↑ Goldhagen 2002, p.  227.
  48. ↑ Goldhagen 2002, p.  60.
  49. ↑ "The Usefulness of Daniel Goldhagen" Archived February 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine The Weekly Standard, October 23, 2002
  50. ↑ Gritz, Jennie Rothenberg. (January 31, 2003) The Guilt of the Church. The Atlantic . Retrieved January 4, 2008.
  51. ↑ Mike Hale (April 13, 2010). "A Fiery Scholar on the Trail of Genocide and Its Causes". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  52. ↑ Worse than War, p. 658
  53. 1 2 3 David Rieff (October 28, 2009). "The Willing Misinterpreter". The National Interest. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  54. ↑ "Worse Than War Screening". Clal. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  55. ↑ "ARD Program Guide for October 18, 2009" . Retrieved October 2, 2009.
  56. ↑ "PBS International: Worse Than War Documentary" . Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  57. ↑ "The comparison of genocides: An interview with historian Ugur Ümit Üngör". www.eurozine.com. July 7, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
  58. ↑ Adam Jones' book reviews, Journal of Genocide Research (2010), 12:3–4, pp. 271–278
  59. 1 2 Elstein, David (March 4, 2010). "Daniel Goldhagen and Kenya: recycling fantasy". Open Democracy. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
  60. ↑ Frangos, Alex (February 26, 2004). "Carni-Fuhrer". Slate . Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018.

Further reading

Afterword in “Ordinary Men, Reserve Police battalion 101 and the Final Solution. By Cristopher R Browning 1992 Harper Collins) 2001 (Penguin Books)

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.