Reserve Police Battalion 101

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Reserve Police Battalion 101
ActiveFounded 1939
Enlarged 6 May 1940 (1940-05-06)
Country occupied Poland
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Type Order Police battalion under SS command
RoleCriminal policing then expulsion of Poles, liquidation of ghettos, mass murder of Jews
Commanders
Commander Wilhelm Trapp

Reserve Police Battalion 101 (German : Reserve-Polizei-Bataillon 101) was a Nazi German paramilitary formation of the uniformed police force known as the Ordnungspolizei (Order Police, Orpo), the organization formed by the Nazi unification of the civilian police forces in the country in 1936, placed under the leadership of the SS and grouped into battalions in 1939. [1] One of many such Nazi German Order Police battalions, 101 was formed in Hamburg and was deployed in September 1939 along with the German armed forces (Wehrmacht) in the invasion of Poland.

Contents

Reserve Police Battalion 101 guarded Polish prisoners of war and carried out expulsion of Poles, called "resettlement actions", in the new Warthegau territory around Poznań and Łódź. [2] Following a personnel change and retraining from May 1941 until June 1942, it became a major perpetrator of the Holocaust in occupied Poland. [3] [1] [4] The battalion gained attention from the public due to the work of the historians Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen.

History

Between 1939 and 1945, the Ordnungspolizei maintained battalion formations, trained and equipped by their main police offices in Germany. [5] [6] Specific duties varied widely from unit to unit and from one year to another, [7] [8] but one task was that of controlling civilian populations of the conquered or colonized countries. [9] After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa of 1941, the Order Police joined the SS Einsatzgruppen in the massacres of Jews. The first mass-murder of 3,000 Jews by the German police occurred in Białystok on 12 July 1941, [10] followed by the Bloody Sunday massacre of 10,000-12,000 Jews by Reserve Police Battalion 133, perpetrated in Stanisławów (now Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine) on 12 October 1941 with the aid of Sicherheitspolizei" (SiPo) and Ukrainian Auxiliary Police. [11] [12] [13]

The shootings in the USSR-proper culminated in the Reserve Police Battalion 45 massacre of 33,000 Jews at Babi Yar. [14] The Order Police battalions became indispensable in the implementation of the Final Solution after the Wannsee Conference of 1942. [15] They rounded up tens of thousands of Nazi ghetto inmates for deportations to extermination camps during the liquidation of the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland, and participated in the murder of Polish Jews along with the Holocaust executioners known as Trawnikis. [16] During Operation Reinhard mass murders were committed by Battalion 101 against women, children and the elderly in places including forced-labour camps and subcamps, most notably during the Aktion Erntefest of 1943, the largest German massacre of Jews in the war, with 42,000 victims shot in the execution pits over the bodies of others. [17]

Battalion 101 operations

Expulsion from Warthegau. Poles led to cattle trains as part of the ethnic cleansing of western Poland, using Battalion 101 Bundesarchiv R 49 Bild-0131, Aussiedlung von Polen im Wartheland.jpg
Expulsion from Warthegau . Poles led to cattle trains as part of the ethnic cleansing of western Poland, using Battalion 101

A total of 17 Orpo battalions were deployed during the invasion of Poland in 1939. Battalion 101 was one of three from the city of Hamburg. [1] After a few months of active duty the battalion was transported from Kielce, Poland, back to Germany on 17 December 1939 to undergo a major expansion after Christmas. Servicemen were tasked with organizing additional ground units. The already enlarged battalion was deployed to Poland again in May 1940, and for the next five months, conducted mass expulsions of Poles [18] to make room for the German colonists brought in Heim ins Reich from the areas invaded by their Moscow ally as well as from Nazi Germany. [19]

The expulsions of Poles, along with kidnappings of Polish children for the purpose of Germanization, [20] were managed by two German institutions, VoMi, and RKFDV under Heinrich Himmler. [21] In settlements already cleared of their native Polish inhabitants, the new Volksdeutsche from Bessarabia, Romania and the Baltics were put, under the banner of Lebensraum . [22] Battalion 101 "evacuated" 36,972 Poles in one action, over half of the targeted number of 58,628 in the new German district of Warthegau (the total was 630,000 by the war's end, with two-thirds of the victims being murdered), [23] but also committed murders among civilians according to postwar testimonies of at least one of its former members. [18]

During the early period we endeavored to fetch all people out of the houses, without regard for whether they were old, sick, or small children. The commission quickly found fault with our procedures. They objected that we struggled under the burden of the old and sick. To be precise, they did not initially give us the order to shoot them on the spot, rather they contented themselves with making it clear to us that nothing could be done with such people. — Bruno Probst [18]

For the next half-year, beginning 28 November 1940, Police Battalion 101 guarded the new ghetto in Łódź, eventually crammed with 160,000 Jews. [24] The Łódź Ghetto was the second-largest Jewish ghetto of World War II after the Warsaw Ghetto where the policemen from Battalion 61 held victory parties on the days when a large number of desperate prisoners were shot at the ghetto fence. [25] Battalion 101, commanded by career policeman Major Wilhelm Trapp, [26] returned to Hamburg in May 1941 and again the more experienced servicemen were dispatched to organize more units. New battalions, numbered 102, 103, and 104, were formed by them and prepared for duty. [27] Training of new reservists included escort duty of 3,740 Hamburg and Bremen Jews deported to the East to be murdered. [28] Meanwhile, the murder of Jews from the Łódź Ghetto using gas vans began at Chełmno in December 1941. [29]

Return to Poland, June 1942 – November 1943

Reserve Police Battalion 101 conducting a "liquidation" in the ghetto of Biala Podlaska Biala Podlaska - likwidacja getta - 1942.jpg
Reserve Police Battalion 101 conducting a "liquidation" in the ghetto of Biała Podlaska

The Reserve Battalion 101 composed of 500 men in their thirties, who were too old for the regular army, returned to occupied Poland with three heavy machine-gun detachments in June 1942. [30] By that time, the first two extermination camps of Operation Reinhard in General Government  – Bełżec and Sobibor  –were already gassing trainloads of Jews from all over Europe. [31] The most deadly of them, Treblinka, was about to start operations. Globocnik gave Battalion 101 the task of deporting Jews from across Lublin reservation. Between mid-March and mid-April 1942, about 90% of the 40,000 prisoners of the Lublin Ghetto were loaded by Order Police and Schupo onto Holocaust trains destined for Bełżec extermination camp. Additional 11,000–12,000 Jews were deported from ghettos in Izbica, Piaski, in Lubartów, Zamość and Kraśnik with the aid one of Trawnikis battalions of Karl Streibel. [32]

Memorial in the forest of Winiarczykowa Gora near Jozefow, southeast of Bilgoraj, commemorating the Jewish victims of the 1942 massacre committed by the Reserve Police Battalion 101. Jozefow obelisk 2.jpg
Memorial in the forest of Winiarczykowa Góra near Józefów, southeast of Biłgoraj, commemorating the Jewish victims of the 1942 massacre committed by the Reserve Police Battalion 101.

The first mass murder known to have been committed entirely by Reserve Police Battalion 101 was the most "messy" for lack of training; uniforms dripping wet with brain matter and blood. [33] The murder of 1,500 Jews from Józefów ghetto, approximately 100 kilometers south of Lublin in southeastern Poland, on 13 July 1942 was performed mostly by the three platoons of the Second Company. Prior to departure from Biłgoraj, they were given large amounts of extra ammunition and therefore claiming to have had no idea what the purpose of the mission was would have been a lie. A generous supply of alcohol was procured. [34] Twelve out of 500 policemen opted out when allowed to leave freely. [34] Those of them who felt unable to continue shooting at point-blank range of prisoners begging for mercy, were asked to wait at the marketplace where the trucks were loaded. [35] Luxembourgish police trainees in RPB 101 escorted young Jewish prisoners from Józefów to the local railway station in Zwierzyniec selected for slave work in KL Lublin. The action was finished in seventeen hours. The bodies of their victims carpeting the forest floor at the Winiarczykowa Góra hill (about 2 km from the village, pictured) [36] were left unburied. Watches, jewelry and money were taken. [37] The battalion left for Biłgoraj at 9 pm. [38] Only a dozen Jews are known to have survived the slaughter. [37] Two members of the Mart family from the German minority residing in Józefów were shot by Polish underground thereafter for cooperation with the enemy. [39]

The next ghetto liquidation action took place less than a month later in Łomazy lacking a rail line. [40] The infants, the old, and the infirm were shot by Battalion 101 during the early morning roundups on 17 August 1942. Later that day, the Hiwi shooters arrived at the main square, and some 1,700 ghetto prisoners were marched on foot to the Hały forest outside the town, [41] where the stronger Jewish men prepared a trench with entrance on one side. [40] The murder of stripped naked Jews lasted till 7 pm. The Ukrainian Trawnikis got so drunk that the policemen from the First, Second and Third Platoon under Lieutenant Hartwig Gnade had to continue shooting by themselves in half a metre of groundwater and blood. [42]

More deportations

In the following weeks, Police Battalion 101 was active in towns with direct lines to Treblinka and therefore mass shootings were not used. On 19 August 1942 –only two days after Łomazy –3,000 Jews were deported from Parczew (2,000 more several days later); from Międzyrzec 11,000 Jews were sent to Treblinka on 25–26 August amid gunfire and screams. From Radzyń 6,000 prisoners, then from Łuków (7,000), Końskowola (2,000 coupled with the massacre at the hospital), Komarówka, Tomaszów; all those unable to move or attempting to flee were shot on the spot. [1] At the end of August death transports were temporarily halted. After a brief respite, shootings of Jews resumed on 22 September in Serokomla, then in Talczyn and in the Kock ghetto four days later, by the Second Company. [43] The treatment of condemned prisoners was getting increasingly more terrifying as the time went on. [44] [ clarification needed ] In Izbica, the makeshift ghetto reached a breaking point packed by Gnade with Jewish inhabitants of Biała Podlaska, Komarówka, Wohyń, and Czemierniki. The October and November deportations to Bełżec and Sobibór led to a week of mass killings at the cemetery, beginning on 2 November 1942. Several thousand Jews (estimated at 4,500) [45] from the transit ghetto were massacred by the Sonderdienst battalion of Ukrainian Trawnikis under police control in an assembly-line manner and dumped in hastily excavated mass graves. All men drank heavily. [46] [47]

In Międzyrzec the "strip-search" of young Jewish women was introduced by Gnade before executions dubbed "mopping up" actions by the Germans. Gnade's first sergeant later said: "I must say that First Lieutenant Gnade gave me the impression that the entire business afforded him a great deal of pleasure." [46] By the spring of 1943 most towns of the Lublin reservation were Judenfrei therefore the battalion was tasked with "Jew hunts" in the deep local forests, or in the potato fields and around distant farmlands. Thousands of Jews were shot at point-blank range. [48]

The participation of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in the Final Solution culminated in the Aktion Erntefest massacres of Jews imprisoned at the Trawniki, Poniatowa and Majdanek concentration camps with subcamps in Budzyn, Kraśnik, Puławy, Lipowa and other slave-labor projects of the Ostindustrie (Osti). [49] Approximately 43,000 Jews were killed. It was the largest single-day massacre of the Holocaust under direct German occupation, committed on 3 November 1943 on the orders of Christian Wirth. Trawniki men provided the necessary manpower. [50]

At the conclusion of the Erntefest massacres, the district of Lublin was for all practical purposes judenfrei. The murderous participation of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in the Final Solution came to an end... For a battalion of less than 500 men, the ultimate body count was at least 83,000 Jews. [51]

Postwar history

Soon after the war ended, Major Wilhelm Trapp was captured by the British authorities and placed at the Neuengamme Internment Camp. After questioning by the Polish Military Mission for the Investigations of War Crimes in October 1946, he was extradited to Poland along with Drewes, Bumann and Kadler. [52] Trapp was charged with war crimes by the Siedlce District Court, sentenced to death on 6 July 1948 and executed by hanging on 18 December 1948 along with Gustav Drewes. [1] With the start of the Cold War, West Germany did not pursue war criminals for the next twenty years. [53] [54] In 1964 several men were arrested. For the first time, the involvement of German police from Hamburg in wartime massacres was investigated by the West German prosecutors. In 1968 after a two-year trial three men got 8 years imprisonment, one 6 years and one 5 years. Six other policemen –all lower ranks –were found guilty but not sentenced. [1] The rest lived their normal lives. [55]

Summary of genocidal missions

For the most part, the following table is based on the 1968 verdict of the Hamburg District Court and compared with data from the Museum of the History of the Polish Jews and other searchable databases. [56] [4]

Murder operations of the Reserve Police Battalion 101 in occupied Poland
LocationDateOperation type and participantsJewish victims
Józefów July 1942Mass shooting / entire battalion1,500      
Łomazy August 1942Mass shooting / 2nd Company, Hiwis1,700      
Parczew [57] August 1942Extermination, death trains / 1st & 2nd Company, Hiwis5,000      
  Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto [58]  August 1942Extermination / 1st Co., 3rd Pl. 2nd Co., 1st Pl. 3rd Co., Hiwis12,000      
Radzyń October 1942Extermination, death trains /1st Company, Hiwis2,000      
Parczew October 1942Mass shooting / 1st & 2nd Company, Hiwis5,000      
Biała Podlaska & its countyOctober & November 1942  Międzyrzec Ghetto extermination, death trains10,800      
Komarówka October & November 1942Międzyrzec Ghetto600      
Wohyń October & November 1942Międzyrzec Ghetto800      
Czemierniki October & November 1942Międzyrzec Ghetto1,000      
Radzyń October & November 1942Extermination, death trains2,000      
Międzyrzec Ghetto October & November 1942Death camps15,200      
Międzyrzec Ghetto [59] May 1943Death camps; Majdanek, Treblinka 3,000      
Aktion Erntefest 3 November 1943Two days of mass shooting / entire battalion43,000      
Total [60] July 1942 – November 1943Battalion 101 in occupied Poland(83,000)     

Commanders

Upon its return to occupied Poland, on 12 June 1942 the Reserve Police Battalion 101 had the following command structure: [1]

  • 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Boysen
  • 2nd Platoon: Reserve Second Lieutenant Bumann
  • 3rd Platoon: Zugwachmeister Junge
  • 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Schürer
  • 2nd Platoon: Reserve Second Lieutenant Kurt Dreyer
  • 3rd Platoon: Hauptwachmeister Starke
  • 1st Platoon: Second Lieutenant Pauly
  • 2nd Platoon: Second Lieutenant Hachmeister
  • 3rd Platoon: Hauptwachmeister Jückmann

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Struan Robertson. "Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War". Archived from the original on 22 February 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
  2. ↑ Browning 1998, p. 39.
  3. ↑ Goldhagen 1996, pp.  203, 232–3.
  4. 1 2 Nowak, Anna (2014). "Działania eksterminacyjne batalionu policyjnego 101" [Police Battalion 101 Extermination Actions]. WWW Holocaust Myoptimus Com (in Polish). Uniwersytet Marii Curie Skłodowskiej. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014.
  5. ↑ Goldhagen 1996, p. 204.
  6. ↑ Browning 1998, p. 38.
  7. ↑ Breitman, Richard (1998). Official Secrets . Hill and Wang: NY. p.  5. ISBN   0809001845.
  8. ↑ Goldhagen 1996, p. 186.
  9. ↑ Gordon Williamson (2004). The SS: Hitler's Instrument of Terror. Zenith Imprint. p. 101. ISBN   0-7603-1933-2.
  10. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 9–12.
  11. ↑ Dieter Pohl. Hans Krueger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawow Region (Galicia) (PDF file from Yad Vashem.org). pp. 12/13, 17/18, 21. It is clear that a massacre of such proportions [committed on 12 October 1941] under German civil administration was virtually unprecedented.
  12. ↑ Browning 2004, pp. 349–350.
  13. ↑ Westermann, Edward B. (2004). "'Ordinary Men' or 'Ideological Soldiers'? Police Battalion 310 in URSS, 1942". In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The World War Two Reader. Routledge. p. 218. ISBN   0415224020 . Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  14. ↑ Browning 1998, p. 18.
  15. ↑ Goldhagen 1996, pp. 533–4.
  16. ↑ Browning 1998 , p. 52: "[Hiwis] were screened on the basis of their anti-Communist (and hence almost invariably anti-Semitic) sentiments."
  17. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 135–142.
  18. 1 2 3 Browning 1998, p. 40.
  19. ↑ Lukas 2001, Chapter IV (Part I).
  20. ↑ A. Dirk Moses (2004), Genocide and Settler Society: Frontier Violence and Stolen Indigenous Children... , Berghahn Books (Google Print), p.260. ISBN   1571814108
  21. ↑ Valdis O. Lumans (1993), Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933–1945. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN   0807820660
  22. ↑ Lukas 2001, Chapter IV (Part II).
  23. ↑ Jerzy Jan Lerski (1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945. Greenwood Publishing. p. 642. ISBN   0313260079.
  24. ↑ Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014). "Ghettos". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  25. ↑ Browning 1998, p. 41.
  26. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 45–8.
  27. ↑ Goldhagen 1996, p.  204.
  28. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 42–4.
  29. ↑ Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland. "German Crimes in Poland (Warsaw: 1946, 1947) - Chelmno Extermination Camp". JewishGen. Introduction by Leon Zamosc.
  30. ↑ Browning 1998 , pp. 3–6. "How did a battalion of middle-aged reserve policemen find themselves facing the task of shooting some 1,500 Jews in the Polish village of Józefów in the summer of 1942? [...] Order Police received authorization to conscript 91,500 reservists born between 1901 and 1909 –an age group not as yet subject to the military draft [...] gradually extended to still older men."
  31. ↑ Browning 1998, p. 27.
  32. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 51–3.
  33. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 64–8.
  34. 1 2 Browning 1998, pp. 57–64.
  35. ↑ Browning 1998, p. 66.
  36. ↑ Robert Kuwalek, Chris Webb (2007). "Jozefow". Holocaust Research Project.org. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  37. 1 2 Olga Skorupka; et al. (2014). "Józefów. Lata okupacji". Virtual Shtetl . Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  38. ↑ Browning 1998, p. 69.
  39. ↑ Zygmunt Puźniak, Eksterminacja ludności cywilnej i zagłada Żydów józefowskich [Killing of civilians and the annihilation of Jews of Józefów] Rzeczpospolita Jozefowska.wordpress.com, see: Zygmunt Klukowski, Dziennik z lat okupacji, "17 lipca"; and T. Bernstein, Martyrologia, opór i zagłada ludności żydowskiej w dystrykcie lubelskim. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  40. 1 2 Browning 1998, pp. 79–80.
  41. ↑ Patrycja Kamionek; et al. (2014). "Łomazy". Virtual Shtetl. Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  42. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 83–4.
  43. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 90–100.
  44. ↑ Aleksandra Bielawska, Marta Kubiszyn, Jewish community of Zamość. Page 4 of 4. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ Izbica Jewish Cemetery Commemoration Project. Foundation for the Preservation of Jewish Heritage in Poland. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  46. 1 2 Browning 1998, pp. 106–8.
  47. ↑ Hanan Lipszyc, Jewish Community of Izbica. Page 4 of 5. Archived 22 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
  48. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 126–131.
  49. ↑ ARC (2004). "Erntefest". Occupation of the East. ARC. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  50. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 135–42.
  51. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 141–2.
  52. ↑ שדלץ (Siedlce) (2014). "The Investigation of and Legal Proceedings against members of Hamburg Police Battalions". Hamburg Police Battalions. The Law. Jewish Siedlce. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  53. ↑ "About Simon Wiesenthal". Simon Wiesenthal Center. 2013. Section 11. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  54. ↑ Hartmann, Ralph (2010). "Der Alibiprozeß". Den Aufsatz kommentieren (in German). Ossietzky 9/2010. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
  55. ↑ Jose Raymund Canoy (2007), The Discreet Charm of the Police State: The Landpolizei and the Transformation of Bavaria, 1945–1965 , BRILL, p. 70. ISBN   9004157085
  56. ↑ Struan Robertson, A History of Jews in Hamburg Chapter: Hamburg Police Battalions during the Second World War. Publisher: University of Hamburg.
  57. ↑ Statistical data: "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Archived 8 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie (Jewish Ghettos)," by Gedeon, (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" (deportations) by Michael Peters at ARC (in English). Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  58. ↑ "Międzyrzec Podlaski (Mezritch) in the Jewish sources" and "The History of Miedzyrzec Podlaski." Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  59. ↑ Browning 1998, p. 40.
  60. ↑ Browning 1998, pp. 141–142.

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Karl Streibel was the second and last commander of the Trawniki concentration camp – one of the subcamps of the KL Lublin system of Nazi concentration camps in occupied Poland during World War II.

<i>Ostindustrie</i>

Ostindustrie GmbH was one of many industrial projects set up by the Nazi German Schutzstaffel (SS) using Jewish and Polish forced labor during World War II. Founded in March 1943 in German-occupied Poland, Osti operated confiscated Jewish and Polish prewar industrial enterprises, including foundries, textile plants, quarries and glassworks. Osti was headed by SS-Obersturmführer Max Horn, who was subordinated directly to Obergruppenführer Oswald Pohl of the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. At its height, some 16,000 Jews and 1,000 Poles worked for the company, interned in a network of labor and concentration camps in the Lublin District of the semi-colonial General Government territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pińsk Ghetto</span> Nazi ghetto in occupied Belarus

The Pińsk Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto created by Nazi Germany for the confinement of Jews living in the city of Pińsk, Western Belarus. Pińsk, located in eastern Poland, was occupied by the Red Army in 1939 and incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. The city was captured by the Wehrmacht in Operation Barbarossa in July 1941; it was incorporated into the German Reichskommissariat Ukraine in autumn of 1941.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trawniki men</span> Central and Eastern European Nazi military unit

During World War II, Trawniki men were Central and Eastern European Nazi collaborators, consisting of either volunteers or recruits from prisoner-of-war camps set up by Nazi Germany for Soviet Red Army soldiers captured in the border regions during Operation Barbarossa launched in June 1941. Thousands of these volunteers served in the General Government territory of German-occupied Poland until the end of World War II. Trawnikis belonged to a category of Hiwis, Nazi auxiliary forces recruited from native subjects serving in various jobs such as concentration camp guards.

Major Wilhelm Gustav Friedrich Trapp, nicknamed Papa Trapp by his subordinates, was a German career policeman who commanded the Reserve Police Battalion 101 formation of Nazi Germany's uniformed police force known as the Order Police (Ordnungspolizei). The Battalion was the subject of Christopher Browning's Ordinary Men.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanisławów Ghetto</span> Nazi ghetto in occupied Ukraine

Stanisławów Ghetto was a ghetto established in 1941 by Nazi Germany in Stanisławów in German occupied Poland. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the town was incorporated into District of Galicia, as the fifth district of the General Government.

<i>Többens and Schultz</i> Nazi Germany textile company

Többens and Schultz was a Nazi German textile manufacturing conglomerate making German uniforms, socks and garments in the Warsaw Ghetto and elsewhere, during the occupation of Poland in World War II. It was owned and operated by two major war profiteers: Fritz Emil Schultz from Danzig, and a convicted war criminal, Walter C. Többens.

References

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