The Danish Women's Society or DWS (Danish : Dansk Kvindesamfund) is Denmark's oldest women's rights organization. It was founded in 1871 by activist Matilde Bajer and her husband Fredrik Bajer; Fredrik was a Member of Parliament and the 1908 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. The association stands for an inclusive, intersectional and progressive liberal feminism, and advocates for the rights of all women and girls and LGBT rights. [1] It publishes the world's oldest women's magazine, Kvinden & Samfundet (Woman and Society), established in 1885. [2] [3] The Danish Women's Society is a member of the International Alliance of Women and is a sister association of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights and the Icelandic Women's Rights Association.
Founded in 1871, the organization was inspired by Mathilde Bajer's membership of the Danish local branch of the Swiss Association internationale des femmes and her husband's interest in women's emancipation. [4] The Women's Society set out to provide organized support for middle-class women. From the start, it was not affiliated to any political party. It strove to enhance the spiritual and economic status of women, making them more independent and providing an improved basis for self-employment. Initially, the emphasis was on women's access to education and on authorizing married women to have access to their own financial resources. [5]
In 1872, DWS opened a training school for women, Dansk Kvindesamfund Handelsskolen, followed in 1874 by a Sunday school for working women, Søndagsskolen for Kvinder, and in 1895 by a women's school of art, Tegneskolen for Kvinder. [6]
From 1906, attention was given to voting rights for women. This led to constitutional changes in 1915, giving women the right to vote in elections to the Rigsdag or national parliament. Further attention was given to equality of employment and to general improvements in conditions for women and children. In 1919, this led to legislation improving salaries for women in public service and in 1921 to equal access for women and men to public positions. [5]
Between the two world wars, action was taken to prevent the firing of pregnant women in the public sector and to call for reforms providing possibilities for pregnant women to give birth, thus preventing abortions. As a result, assistance centres for mothers (mødrehjælpsinstitutioner) were set up throughout the country. [6]
Under the German occupation, DWS helped to establish Danske Kvinders Beredskab, an organisation devoted to civil defence and preparedness, covering medical care and evacuation during bombing raids. Attention was given to women out of work and the social problems of single women. [6]
After the 1943 elections under which only two women were elected to the Folketing, efforts were made to encourage wider representation. Action calling for women priests led to legislative reforms in 1947. [6]
In the 1950s and 1960s, the main concern was social policy, especially in connection with single mothers. There was also support for homegoing housewives and for retraining women who had been out of work for some time. There were also calls for more kindergartens. [6]
The Danish Women's Society supports LGBTQA rights. The society has stated that it takes homophobia and transphobia very seriously, that "we support all initiatives that promote the rights of gay and transgender people" and that "we see the LGBTQA movement as close allies in the struggle against inequality and we fight together for a society where gender and sexuality do not limit an individual." [1]
The presidents of the Danish Women's Society over the years have been: [5] [6] [7] [8]
Caroline Sophie Testman, was a Danish feminist. She was the co-founder of the Dansk Kvindesamfund or DK and its chairman 1872-1883.
Line Luplau (1823–1891) was a Danish feminist and suffragist. She was the co-founder of the Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund or DKV and first chairperson in 1889–1891.
The modern-day character and the historical status of women in Denmark has been influenced by their own involvement in women's movements and political participation in the history of Denmark. Their mark can be seen in the fields of politics, women's suffrage, and literature, among others.
Kvinden & Samfundet is a Danish feminist magazine and the official publication of the Danish Women's Society. It has been published since 1885.
Pauline Matilde Theodora Bajer was a Danish women's rights activist and pacifist.
Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret, or LKV, was a Danish association for women's suffrage, active from 1907 until 1915.
This is a timeline of women in Denmark, noting important events in Danish women's history.
Severine Andrea Casse née Engelbreth (1805–1898) was a Danish women's rights activist and an influential member of the Danish Women's Society. Intent on social and political reforms for women, she successfully fought for a wife's right to dispose of her own earnings.
Ellen Gyrithe Lemche née Frisch (1866–1945) was a Danish writer, women's rights campaigner and local historian. She is remembered in particular for the important part she played in the activities of the Danish Women's Society, especially around 1915 when the Danish Constitution was amended to include women's suffrage. She was a co-founder of Lyngby-Tårbæk Local Historic Society in 1927.
Marie Nicolina Theodora Rovsing née Schack (1814–1888) was a pioneering Danish women's rights activist. From 1871 to 1888 she was a board member of the Danish Women's Society, serving as president from 1883 to 1887. Interested in allowing women to practise crafts and manual work traditionally reserved for men, on her death she left a legacy which among other things allowed two women to be the first in Denmark to qualify as carpenters.
Jutta Bojsen-Møller born Bojsen (1837–1927) was a Danish high school proponent, a women's rights activist and a member of the Danish Women's Society which she headed from 1894 to 1910.
Theodora (Thora) Frederikke Marie Daugaard was a Danish women's rights activist, pacifist, editor and translator. In 1915, she attended the International Women's Conference in The Hague, together with Clara Tybjerg. Thereafter she established and later headed the Danske Kvinders Fredskæde or Danish Women's Peace Chain which became the Danish branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She is also remembered for organizing assistance for Jews and their children in Nazi-occupied Denmark during the Second World War.
Clara Sophie Tybjerg née Sarauw was a Danish women's rights activist, pacifist and educator. In 1915, she attended the International Women's Conference in The Hague, together with Thora Daugaard. Thereafter she helped establish and, from 1916 to 1920, headed the Danske Kvinders Fredskæde or Danish Women's Peace Chain which became the Danish branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She is also remembered for helping to bring hunger-stricken children from Vienna to Denmark after the First World War.
Estrid Hein was a Danish ophthalmologist, women's rights activist and pacifist. She practised in Copenhagen from 1898, opening her own clinic in 1906. She was also a prominent figure in the women's movement, chairing the Copenhagen chapter of the Danish Women's Society from 1909, later serving on the society's central board. In 1915, she became an active member of Danske Kvinders Fredskæde (DKF), the Danish arm of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. The same year she joined the Scandinavian Family Law Commission where she was effective in furthering progress on women rights as spouses. From 1933 she participated on the executive board of Denmark's Women's Council.
Charlotte Juliane Sofie Eilersgaard née Jensen was a Danish writer and editor who wrote short stories, plays and novels. From the beginning of the 20th century, she became increasingly involved in the women's movement, especially the cause for women's voting rights.
The Kvindelig Fremskridtsforening (KF), or Women's Progress Association, was a Danish women's association which was founded in 1885 by Matilde Bajer and Elisabeth Ouchterlony. They had both been co-founders of the Danish Women's Society in 1871 but now wanted an organization which included specific attention to women's suffrage in municipal and national elections, an issue which was not on the agenda of the apolitical Women's Society. The organization also addressed women's involvement as peace activists and as members of the workforce.
Anne Kirstine Bruun (1853–1934) was a Danish schoolteacher and women's rights activist. An early proponent of equal pay for male and female teachers, in 1900 she became the first woman to serve on the central committee of the Danish Union of Teachers. She was an enthusiastic member of the Danish Women's Society and a frequent contributor to their magazine Kvinden og Samfundet which she edited for a time in the mid-1890s. Bruun was an early supporter of the Women's Society's direct involvement in the fight for women's voting rights.
Meta Kristine Hansen (1865–1941) was a Danish women's rights activist and politician. In 1893, she became the first woman to graduate in political science from the University of Copenhagen. She co-founded Denmark's Political Women's Association in 1904, later chairing it when it became the Copenhagen Women's Suffrage Association. From 1907, she served as secretary of the National Association for Women's Suffrage, writing articles in the organization's magazine Kvindevalgret. Hansen was also a board member of the Danish Women's Society from 1906 to 1924. Representing the Danish Social Liberal Party, she was a candidate for Frederiksberg's Municipal Council in 1917 but was not elected.
Voldborg Antoinette Brøns Ølsgaard née Appelt (1877–1939) was a Danish peace activist who was also active in the Aarhus branch of the Danish Women's Society. A member of the peace movement Danske Kvinders Fredskæde, she headed its third Jutland district (1922–25) and edited the organization's paper Fred og Frihed until 1937. Ølsgaard was behind the construction of Dansk Kvindesamfunds Hus, completed in 1930. She was responsible for its management until her retirement as a result of illness in 1935.