Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th president of the United States,serving from 1969 to 1974. A member of the Republican Party,he previously served as a representative and senator from California and as the 36th vice president from 1953 to 1961 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. His presidency saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War,détente with the Soviet Union and China,the Apollo 11 Moon landing,and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office,as a result of the Watergate scandal.
The Watergate scandal was a major political controversy in the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974,ultimately resulting in Nixon's resignation. It originated from attempts by the Nixon administration to conceal its involvement in the June 17,1972,break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters located in the Watergate Office Building in Washington,D.C.
Alexander Meigs Haig Jr. was United States secretary of state under president Ronald Reagan and White House chief of staff under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. Prior to and in between these cabinet-level positions,he was a general in the U.S. Army,serving first as the vice chief of staff of the Army and then as Supreme Allied Commander Europe. In 1973,Haig became the youngest four-star general in the Army's history.
All the President's Men is a 1974 non-fiction book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward,two of the journalists who investigated the June 1972 break-in at the Watergate Office Building and the resultant political scandal for The Washington Post. The book chronicles the investigative reporting of Woodward and Bernstein from Woodward's initial report on the Watergate break-in through the resignations of Nixon Administration officials H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman in April 1973,and the revelation of the Oval Office Watergate tapes by Alexander Butterfield three months later. It relates the events behind the major stories the duo wrote for the Post,naming some sources who had previously refused to be identified for their initial articles,notably Hugh Sloan. It also gives detailed accounts of Woodward's secret meetings with his source Deep Throat,whose identity was kept hidden for over 30 years. Gene Roberts,the former executive editor of The Philadelphia Inquirer and former managing editor of The New York Times,has called the work of Woodward and Bernstein "maybe the single greatest reporting effort of all time."
Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman was an American political aide and businessman,best known for his service as White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon and his consequent involvement in the Watergate scandal.
Nixon is a 1995 American epic historical drama film directed by Oliver Stone,produced by Clayton Townsend,Stone,and Andrew G. Vajna. The film was written by Stone,Christopher Wilkinson,and Stephen J. Rievele,with significant contributions from "project consultants" Christopher Scheer and Robert Scheer. The film tells the story of the political and personal life of former U.S. President Richard Nixon,played by Anthony Hopkins.
The White House Fellows program is a non-partisan federal fellowship established via executive order by President Lyndon B. Johnson in October 1964. The fellowship is one of America’s most prestigious programs for leadership and public service,offering exceptional Americans first-hand experience working at the highest levels of the federal government. The fellowship was founded based upon a suggestion from John W. Gardner,then the president of Carnegie Corporation and later the sixth secretary of health,education,and welfare.
Louis Patrick Gray III was acting director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from May 3,1972,to April 27,1973. During this time,the FBI was in charge of the initial investigation into the burglaries that sparked the Watergate scandal,which eventually led to the resignation of President Nixon. Gray was nominated as permanent Director by Nixon on February 15,1973,but failed to win Senate confirmation. He resigned as Acting FBI director on April 27,1973,after he admitted to destroying documents that had come from convicted Watergate conspirator E. Howard Hunt's safe—documents received on June 28,1972,11 days after the Watergate burglary,and given to Gray by White House counsel John Dean.
Deep Throat is the pseudonym given to the secret informant who provided information in 1972 to Bob Woodward,who shared it with Carl Bernstein. Woodward and Bernstein were reporters for The Washington Post,and Deep Throat provided key details about the involvement of U.S. president Richard Nixon's administration in what came to be known as the Watergate scandal. In 2005,31 years after Nixon's resignation and 11 years after Nixon's death,a family attorney stated that former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Associate Director Mark Felt was Deep Throat. By then,Felt was suffering from dementia and had previously denied being Deep Throat,but Woodward and Bernstein then confirmed the attorney's claim.
John James Conyers Jr. was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a U.S. representative from Michigan from 1965 to 2017. Conyers was the sixth-longest serving member of Congress and the longest-serving African American member of Congress in history.
Julie Nixon Eisenhower is an American author who is the younger daughter of former U.S. president Richard Nixon and his wife,Pat Nixon. Her husband,David,is the grandson of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife,Mamie Eisenhower.
John Wesley Dean III is an American attorney who served as White House Counsel for U.S. President Richard Nixon from July 1970 until April 1973. Dean is known for his role in the cover-up of the Watergate scandal and his subsequent testimony to Congress as a witness. His guilty plea to a single felony in exchange for becoming a key witness for the prosecution ultimately resulted in a reduced sentence,which he served at Fort Holabird outside Baltimore,Maryland. After his plea,he was disbarred.
Alexander Porter Butterfield is a retired United States Air Force officer,public servant,and businessman. He served as the deputy assistant to President Richard Nixon from 1969 to 1973. He revealed the White House taping system's existence on July 13,1973,during the Watergate investigation but had no other involvement in the scandal. From 1973 to 1975,he served as administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration.
William Mark Felt Sr. was an American law enforcement officer who worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 1942 to 1973 and was known for his role in the Watergate scandal. Felt was an FBI special agent who eventually rose to the position of Deputy Director,the Bureau's second-highest-ranking post. Felt worked in several FBI field offices prior to his promotion to the Bureau's headquarters. In 1980,he was convicted of having violated the civil rights of people thought to be associated with members of the Weather Underground,by ordering FBI agents to break into their homes and search the premises as part of an attempt to prevent bombings. He was ordered to pay a fine,but was pardoned by President Ronald Reagan during his appeal.
The Watergate scandal refers to the burglary and illegal wiretapping of the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee,in the Watergate complex by members of President Richard Nixon's re-election campaign,and the subsequent cover-up of the break-in resulting in Nixon's resignation on August 9,1974,as well as other abuses of power by the Nixon White House that were discovered during the course of the scandal.
Audio recordings of conversations between U.S. President Richard Nixon and Nixon administration officials,Nixon family members,and White House staff surfaced during the Watergate scandal in 1973 and 1974,leading to Nixon's resignation.
Joseph Rhodes Jr. was an American politician and activist. From 1972–1980,he served four 2-year terms as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. He was a commissioner of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission from 1988–1995. He served as a member of several public panels,including the President's Commission on Campus Unrest that investigated the fatal shootings of unarmed student protesters by soldiers and police in 1970 at Kent State and Jackson State Universities.
President Richard Nixon entered office in 1969 with Chief Justice Earl Warren having announced his retirement from the Supreme Court of the United States the previous year. Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger to replace Earl Warren,and during his time in office appointed three other members of the Supreme Court:Associate Justices Harry Blackmun,Lewis F. Powell,and William Rehnquist. Nixon also nominated Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell for the vacancy that was ultimately filled by Blackmun,but the nominations were rejected by the United States Senate. Nixon's failed Supreme Court nominations were the first since Herbert Hoover's nomination of John J. Parker was rejected by the Senate.
The impeachment process against Richard Nixon was initiated by the United States House of Representatives on October 30,1973,during the course of the Watergate scandal,when multiple resolutions calling for the impeachment of President Richard Nixon were introduced immediately following the series of high-level resignations and firings widely called the "Saturday Night Massacre". The House Committee on the Judiciary soon began an official investigation of the president's role in Watergate,and,in May 1974,commenced formal hearings on whether sufficient grounds existed to impeach Nixon of high crimes and misdemeanors under Article II,Section 4,of the United States Constitution. This investigation was undertaken one year after the United States Senate established the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities to investigate the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex during the 1972 presidential election,and the Republican Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement;during those hearings the scope of the scandal became apparent and the existence of the Nixon White House tapes was revealed.
The presidential transition of Richard Nixon began when he won the 1968 United States presidential election,becoming the president-elect,and ended when Nixon was inaugurated on January 20,1969. Nixon had become president-elect once the election results became clear on November 6,1968,the day after the election. This was the first presidential transition to take place following the passage of the Presidential Transition Act of 1963.
