Dcu family

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Anaerobic c4-dicarboxylate membrane transporter
Identifiers
SymbolDcuA_DcuB
Pfam PF03605
Pfam clan CL0182
InterPro IPR004668
TCDB 2.A.13

The C4-dicarboxylate uptake family or Dcu family (TC# 2.A.13) is a family of transmembrane ion transporters found in bacteria. Their function is to exchange dicarboxylates such as aspartate, malate, fumarate and succinate.

Contents

Structure

Many members of this family are predicted to have 11 or 12 transmembrane regions (TMSs); however, one member of this family (Uncharacterized protein of Encarsia pergandiella symbiont, Cardinium hertigii, strain cEper1; TC# 2.A.13.2.1) is reported to have 10 transmembrane regions, with both the N- and C-termini localized to the periplasm. [1] For DcuA, the 'positive inside' rule is obeyed, and two putative TMSs are localized to a cytoplasmic loop between TMSs 5 and 6 and in the C-terminal periplasmic region. [2] The fully sequenced proteins are of fairly uniform size, from 434-446 amino acyl residues in length.

There are no crystal structures available for members of the Dcu family.

Function

The two E. coli proteins, DcuA (TC# 2.A.13.1.1) and DcuB (TC# 2.A.13.1.2), of the Dcu family are involved in the transport of aspartate, malate, fumarate and succinate, functioning as antiporters with any two of these substrates. [3] [4] [5] They exhibit 36% identity with 63% similarity, and both transport fumarate in exchange for succinate with the same affinity (30 μM). Since DcuA is encoded in an operon with the gene for aspartase, and DcuB is encoded in an operon with the gene for fumarase, their physiological functions may be to catalyse aspartate:fumarate and fumarate:malate exchange during the anaerobic utilization of aspartate and fumarate, respectively. [6] The two transporters can apparently substitute for each other under certain physiological conditions. [7]

The generalized transport reaction catalyzed by the proteins of the Dcu family is:

Dicarboxylate1 (out) + Dicarboxylate2 (in) ⇌ Dicarboxylate1 (in) + Dicarboxylate2 (out).

Expression

The Escherichia coli DcuA and DcuB proteins have very different expression patterns. [8] DcuA is constitutively expressed; DcuB is strongly induced anaerobically by FNR and C4-dicarboxylates, while it is repressed by nitrate and subject to CRP-mediated catabolite repression. [8] [9] [10] [11]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Zientz E, Six S, Unden G (December 1996). "Identification of a third secondary carrier (DcuC) for anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transport in Escherichia coli: roles of the three Dcu carriers in uptake and exchange". J. Bacteriol. 178 (24): 7241–7. doi:10.1128/jb.178.24.7241-7247.1996. PMC   178639 . PMID   8955408.
  2. ↑ Golby P, Kelly DJ, Guest JR, Andrews SC (September 1998). "Topological analysis of DcuA, an anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporter of Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 180 (18): 4821–7. doi:10.1128/JB.180.18.4821-4827.1998. PMC   107505 . PMID   9733683.
  3. ↑ Six S, Andrews SC, Roberts RE, Unden G, Guest JR (November 1993). "Construction and properties of Escherichia coli mutants defective in two genes encoding homologous membrane proteins with putative roles in anaerobic C4-dicarboxylic acid transport". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21 (4): 342S. doi:10.1042/bst021342s. PMID   8131924.
  4. ↑ Nogrady N, Imre A, Rychlik I, Barrow PA, Nagy B (December 2003). "Genes responsible for anaerobic fumarate and arginine metabolism are involved in growth suppression in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in vitro, without influencing colonisation inhibition in the chicken in vivo". Vet. Microbiol. 97 (3–4): 191–9. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.08.011. PMID   14654290.
  5. ↑ Ullmann R, Gross R, Simon J, Unden G, Kroger A (October 2000). "Transport of C(4)-dicarboxylates in Wolinella succinogenes". J. Bacteriol. 182 (20): 5757–64. doi:10.1128/jb.182.20.5757-5764.2000. PMC   94697 . PMID   11004174.
  6. ↑ Six S, Andrews SC, Unden G, Guest JR (November 1994). "Escherichia coli possesses two homologous anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate membrane transporters (DcuA and DcuB) distinct from the aerobic dicarboxylate transport system (Dct)". J. Bacteriol. 176 (21): 6470–8. doi:10.1128/jb.176.21.6470-6478.1994. PMC   197000 . PMID   7961398.
  7. ↑ Engel, P.; Krämer, R.; Unden, G. (1994-06-01). "Transport of C4-dicarboxylates by anaerobically grown Escherichia coli. Energetics and mechanism of exchange, uptake and efflux". European Journal of Biochemistry. 222 (2): 605–614. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18903.x. ISSN   0014-2956. PMID   8020497.
  8. 1 2 Golby P, Kelly DJ, Guest JR, Andrews SC (December 1998). "Transcriptional regulation and organization of the dcuA and dcuB genes, encoding homologous anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporters in Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 180 (24): 6586–96. doi:10.1128/JB.180.24.6586-6596.1998. PMC   107762 . PMID   9852003.
  9. ↑ Engel P, Kramer R, Unden G (September 1992). "Anaerobic fumarate transport in Escherichia coli by an fnr-dependent dicarboxylate uptake system which is different from the aerobic dicarboxylate uptake system". J. Bacteriol. 174 (17): 5533–9. doi:10.1128/jb.174.17.5533-5539.1992. PMC   206496 . PMID   1512189.
  10. ↑ Golby P, Davies S, Kelly DJ, Guest JR, Andrews SC (February 1999). "Identification and characterization of a two-component sensor-kinase and response-regulator system (DcuS-DcuR) controlling gene expression in response to C4-dicarboxylates in Escherichia coli". J. Bacteriol. 181 (4): 1238–48. doi:10.1128/JB.181.4.1238-1248.1999. PMC   93502 . PMID   9973351.
  11. ↑ Zientz E, Bongaerts J, Unden G (October 1998). "Fumarate regulation of gene expression in Escherichia coli by the DcuSR (dcuSR genes) two-component regulatory system". J. Bacteriol. 180 (20): 5421–5. doi:10.1128/JB.180.20.5421-5425.1998. PMC   107591 . PMID   9765574.
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