Dead metaphor

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A dead metaphor is a figure of speech which has lost the original imagery of its meaning by extensive, repetitive, and popular usage, or because it refers to an obsolete technology or forgotten custom. Because dead metaphors have a conventional meaning that differs from the original, they can be understood without knowing their earlier connotation.

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Dead metaphors are generally the result of a semantic shift in the evolution of a language, [1] a process called the literalization of a metaphor. [2] A distinction is often made between those dead metaphors whose origins are entirely unknown to the majority of people using them (such as the expression "to kick the bucket") and those whose source is widely known or symbolism easily understood but not often thought about (the idea of "falling in love").

The long standing metaphorical application of a term can similarly lose their metaphorical quality, coming simply to denote a larger application of the term. The wings of a plane now no longer seem to metaphorically refer to a bird's wings; rather, the term 'wing' was expanded to include non-living things. Similarly, the legs of a chair is no longer a metaphor but an expansion of the term "leg" to include any supporting pillar.

There is debate among literary scholars whether so-called "dead metaphors" are dead or are metaphors. Literary scholar R.W. Gibbs noted that for a metaphor to be dead, it would necessarily lose the metaphorical qualities that it comprises. These qualities, however, still remain. A person can understand the expression "falling head-over-heels in love" even if they have never encountered that variant of the phrase "falling in love". Analytic philosopher Max Black argued that the dead metaphor should not be considered a metaphor at all, but rather classified as a separate vocabulary item. [3]

In addition, philosophers such as Colin Murray Turbayne and Kendall Walton have outlined the manner in which "dead metaphors" may continue to exert influence upon a user's thoughts long after their metaphorical properties have seemingly vanished. Their research illustrates the manner in which "dead metaphors" have often become incorporated into accepted scientific and philosophical theories while also contributing to considerable obfuscation of thought over time. [4] [5] [6] [7]

Examples

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References

  1. ↑ Pawelec, Andrzej. "The Death of Metaphor" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-11-20.
  2. ↑ David Snowball, Continuity and Change in the Rhetoric of the Moral Majority, p.126
  3. ↑ Travers, Michael David (June 1996). "Programming with Agents". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2009-12-08.
  4. ↑ Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers Shook, John. 2005 p. 2451 Biography of Colin Murray Turbayne on Google Books
  5. ↑ "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Metaphor" Stanford University, August 19, 2011 Revised August 12, 2022 "Section 5. Recent Developments 5.3 Metaphor and Make Believe" ISSN 1095-5054. Metaphor, Colin Turbayne and Kendall Walton. See Hills, David, "Metaphor", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2024 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2024/entries/metaphor/>. on plato.stanford.edu
  6. ↑ "Mind as Metaphor A Defense of Mental Ficionalism". Toon, Adam. OPU Oxford 2023 ebook isbn 9780198879671 "Chapter 1 Making Up Minds 1.3 Mind as Metaphor 1.3.1 Metaphor and Make-believe" p. 15-18 Kendall Walton on Google Books
  7. ↑ [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ib1oBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=In+Other+shoes+music+Metaphor&ots=SVHEa5qGC7&sig=YWUh8-CalzualtHdIpq9nWAACLU#v=onepage&q=In%20Other%20shoes%20music%20Metaphor&f=false"In Other Shoes: Music, Metaphor, Empathy, Existence." Walton, Kendall L. 2015 Oxford University Press New York pp. 175-195 "Chapter 10 Metaphor and Prop Oriented Make-Believe" ISBN 978-0-19-509871-6 on Google Scholar]
  8. 1 2 "The words that help us understand the world". BBC Culture. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  9. ↑ "handle". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  10. ↑ "Let Your Hair Down – Idiom, Meaning and Origin" . Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  11. ↑ "dead metaphor". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 20 November 2014.


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