Debt settlement

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Debt settlement (also called debt reduction, debt negotiation or debt resolution) is a settlement negotiated with a debtor's unsecured creditor. Commonly, creditors agree to forgive a large part of the debt: perhaps around half, though results can vary widely. When settlements are finalized, the terms are put in writing. It is common that the debtor makes one lump-sum payment in exchange for the creditor agreeing that the debt is now cancelled and the matter closed. Some settlements are paid out over a number of months. In either case, as long as the debtor does what is agreed in the negotiation, no outstanding debt will appear on the former debtor's credit report.

Contents

History

As a concept, lenders have been practicing debt settlement for thousands of years. [1] However, the business of debt settlement became prominent in the USA during the late 1980s and early 1990s, when bank deregulation, which loosened consumer lending practices, followed by an economic recession, placed consumers in financial hardship.

With charge-offs (debts written-off by banks) increasing, banks established debt settlement departments whose staff were authorized to negotiate with defaulted cardholders to reduce the outstanding balances in the hope of recover funds that would otherwise be lost if the cardholder filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. Typical settlements ranged between 25% and 65% of the outstanding balance. [2]

Alongside the unprecedented spike in personal debt loads, there has been another rather significant (even if criminally[ clarification needed ] under-reported) change: the new legislation in 2005 that dramatically worsened the chances for average Americans to claim Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. As things stand, should anyone filing for bankruptcy fail to meet the Internal Revenue Service regulated ‘means test', they would instead be shelved into the Chapter 13 debt restructuring plan. Essentially, Chapter 13 bankruptcies simply tell borrowers that they must pay back some or all of their debts to all unsecured lenders. Repayments under Chapter 13 can range from 1% to 100% of the amounts owed to unsecured creditors, based on the ability of the debtor to pay. Repayment periods are three years (for those who earn below the median income) or five years (for those above), under court mandated budgets that follow IRS guidelines, and the penalties for failure are more severe.

Process

Debt settlement is the process of negotiating with creditors to reduce overall debts in exchange for a lump sum payment. A successful settlement occurs when the creditor agrees to forgive a percentage of the total account balance. Normally, only unsecured debts, not secured by real assets like homes or autos, can be settled. Unsecured debts include medical bills and credit card debt; but not public student loans, auto financing or mortgages. For the debtor, the settlement makes obvious sense: they avoid the stigma and intrusive court-mandated controls of bankruptcy while still lowering their debt balances, sometimes by more than 50%. For the creditor, they regain trust that the borrower intends to pay back what he can of the loans and not file for bankruptcy (in which case, the creditor risks losing all moneys owed).

Negotiating with a collection agency or junk debt buyer is somewhat similar to negotiating with a credit card company or other original creditor. However, many collection agencies (or junk debt buyers) will agree to take less of the owed amount than the original creditor, because the junk debt buyer has purchased the debt for a fraction of the original balance. [3] [4] As a part of the settlement, the consumer can request that collection is removed from the credit report, which is generally not the case with the original creditor. Even if the collection account has been removed from the consumer credit report as a condition of settlement, as agreed during negotiations, the negative marks from the original credit card company will still remain, according to Maxine Sweet, a spokeswoman for credit reporting agency Experian. [5]

United Kingdom

In the UK one can appoint an arbiter or legal entity to negotiate with the creditors. Creditors often accept reduced balances in a final payment; this is called "full and final settlement". However, with debt settlement the reduced amount can be spread over an agreed term.

In the UK creditors such as banks, credit card and loan companies and other creditors are already writing off huge amounts of debt. Most creditors are open to negotiations and are willing to accept reductions of 50% or more. Debt settlement allows the debtor to spread payments out over a set term, instead of having to pay a lump sum in one go which is the case with full and final settlement.

UK debt settlement is not to be confused with full and final settlement, where debt management companies have been known to hold on to client funds; in which case the creditors get nothing until they decide to settle. Furthermore, the debt management company usually instructs the consumer not to make any payments to creditors. The intended effect is to scare creditors into settling the debt for less than the full amount. Typically, however, creditors simply begin collection procedures, which can include filing suit against the consumer in court. [6] As long as consumers continue to make minimum monthly payments, creditors will not negotiate a reduced balance. However, when payments stop, balances continue to grow because of late fees and ongoing interest. [7] This practice of holding client funds is regarded as unethical[ by whom? ] in the US and UK.

United States

U.S. debt settlement differs slightly. There are several indicators that few consumers actually have their debt eliminated by full and final settlement. A survey of US debt settlement companies found that 34.4% of enrollees had 75 percent or more of their debt settled within three years. [8] Data released by the Colorado Attorney General showed that only 11.35 percent of consumers who had enrolled more than three years earlier had all of their debt settled. [9] And when asked to show that most of their customers are better off after debt settlement, industry leaders said that would be an "unrealistic measure." [10]

Consumers can arrange their own settlements by using advice found on websites, hire a lawyer to act for them, or use debt settlement companies. [7] In a New York Times article, Cyndi Geerdes, an associate professor at the University of Illinois law school, states "Done correctly, [debt settlement] can absolutely help people". However, stopping payments to creditors as part of a debt settlement plan can reduce a consumer's credit score by 65 to 125 points, with higher impacts on those who were current on their payments prior to enrolling in the program. [10] And missed payments can remain on a consumer's credit report for seven years even after a debt is settled. [10]

Legitimate settlement companies do not charge any upfront fees; this would be a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) rule violation. [11]

They may also take a monthly fee from customer bank accounts for their service, possibly reducing the incentive to settle with creditors quickly. One expert advises consumers to look for companies that charge only after a settlement is made, and charge about 25 percent of the outstanding balance at the time it's reduced. [7] Other experts say debt settlement is a flawed model altogether and should be avoided. [12]

Professional debt settlement

Depending on the country, different laws regulate professional debt settlement companies. In the United States, debt relief companies are required to provide information in advance of a consumer signing up for the services, including the cost and the terms. A legitimate company will use a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation-insured trust account. Once enough funds are built up the negotiation process can begin with each creditor individually. Trust accounts, also known as "special purpose accounts", are often held by a bank, and managed by a bank agent (who charges a monthly maintenance fee). Accounts can also be held by creditors, or may be sold to a collections agency for an average of $0.15 on the dollar, in which case debt can still be negotiated.

A consumer makes monthly payments to the debt settlement company, or to the bank (or bank agent) who holds the "trust" account. A portion of each payment is taken as fees for the debt settlement company, and the rest is put into the trust account. The consumer is told not to pay anything to the creditors. The debt settlement company's fees are usually specified in the enrollment contract, and may range from 10% to 75% of the total amount of debt to be settled. [13] FTC regulations effective October 27, 2010, restrict debt settlement companies from collecting any fees from a debtor client for services until settlement with the creditor has been reached and at least one payment made.

Advantages

Settlement companies generally package their settlements into a larger bulk settlement with the creditor for 15–60% of the existing balances.[ citation needed ] The debt settlement companies typically have built up a relationship during their normal business practices with the credit card companies and can come to a settlement agreement quicker and at a more favorable rate than a debtor acting on their own. During the global financial crisis of 2008, more and more credit card companies were willing to settle existing credit card debts rather than add to their already large written off bad debt. Legal action can be taken against the creditor if they violate the FDCP act. [14] A good settlement company works with their clients to protect them. [15] Debtors can be sued by creditors seeking to recover debts and interest. This can be avoided by using companies with good standings and practices that protect consumers from these procedures. A good debt settlement company will handle calls from the credit card companies, nor the collection agencies. Calls will slow down as the settlement company makes contact with the creditors. Good settlement companies will arrange monthly update calls, establish a plan where the debtor can miss a payment or two, or finish the plan six months earlier if consistent with all monthly payments.

Disadvantages

Debt settlement companies generally take a percentage of the savings of the forgiven debt as the fee for their services. For some people, it is worth it to have the peace of mind of knowing that they have a team of experts working to execute a plan of attack that will help them get out of debt quickly.

Plans of 36 months or less have a higher completion rate than terms that are greater than 36 months.

Credit card accounts may go into collection after they are charged off, typically 180 days after the last payment on the account but it's not that common because collection agents only pay 1 to 12 cents to the dollar to creditors for the debt. Most creditors would rather settle for 30 to 60 cents to the dollar with the debtor directly.

Do-it-yourself debt settlement

It is possible for a consumer to imitate the methods of professional debt settlement companies and have success in negotiating a debt settlement for themselves. [5] Initiation of negotiations can begin by calling the customer service department of the credit card company. In general, the credit card company will only deal with a consumer when the consumer is behind on payments but capable of making a lump sum payment. A payment plan is not an option; the credit card company will demand that the consumer make a lump sum payment of the settlement amount.

Advantages

By negotiating debts on their own, debtors are able to save in fees that would otherwise be paid to a debt settlement company or an attorney.

Disadvantages

People who try to do this on their own tend to get sued by their creditors more often[ citation needed ] than those who use a professional debt negotiator, and if a creditor gets a judgement against them, their only options are to either pay back the entire amount owed plus interest, or to file for bankruptcy. Usually, they end up having to file for bankruptcy. Creditors have their own policies regarding debt settlement and certain creditors will not settle directly with consumers. Additionally, consumers may face less advantageous settlement rates on their own, as opposed to debt settlement companies that have relationships with creditors and can often package bulk settlements. Consumers may face difficulty getting through to decision makers or long delays in any negotiations or paperwork processing with the creditors. Furthermore, every creditor has different processes and procedures in how they determine settlement offers and terms. Not knowing those can leave a consumer in the dark. Settlement companies have customer service departments to assist consumers with any questions or difficulties that arise during their program. This support can be particularly valuable, especially in cases where creditors become aggressive. If an account were to escalate to legal status, a consumer settling on their own would need to seek out a third party for help. Unfamiliarity of the settlement process can be intimidating and mistakes can be made. The debtor should beware of fine print and carefully review any correspondence, proposed settlement or agreement with a creditor. Settlement agreements should be reviewed carefully, perhaps by a third party, to make sure that all the terms are those that are agreed upon. Settling one's debt can be an emotionally draining and difficult process.

Creditor's incentives

The creditor's primary incentive is to recover funds that would otherwise be lost if the debtor filed for bankruptcy. The other key incentive is that the creditor can often recover more funds than through other collection methods. Collection agencies and collection attorneys charge commissions as high as 40% on recovered funds. Bad debt purchasers buy portfolios of delinquent debts from creditors who give up on internal collection efforts and these bad debt purchasers pay between 1 and 12 cents on the dollar, depending on the age of the debt, with the oldest debts being the cheapest. [3] Collection calls and lawsuits sometimes push debtors into bankruptcy, in which case the creditor often recovers no funds.

Common objections

Damages credit — Credit reports will show evidence of debt settlements and the associated FICO scores will be lowered temporarily as a result. However, if a "paid in full" letter is obtained from the creditor, the debtor's credit report should show no sign of a debt settlement. Additionally, as debtors settle their accounts the score starts to go back up again. Some Debt Settlement companies offer Credit Repair in their programs in order to erase some of the negative remarks on credit reports.

Potential for lawsuits — Though few creditors wish to push borrowers toward bankruptcy (and perhaps government protection against all debts), there is always the possibility of a lawsuit whenever debts go unpaid. In the debt settlement process the debtor's accounts remain in default until a settlement is agreed. While the debts are in default the creditor or its assignee reserve the right to file a lawsuit against a debtor, but it is highly unlikely that they will. Generally speaking, most creditors do not want to incur legal costs to collect money on a debt that they know they are going to collect anyway through the negotiating process, especially if the debtor is working with a credible debt negotiating company. A good debt negotiating company will provide some sort of legal expenses insurance to protect their clients in the unlikely event of legal action by a creditor.

Eligibility of debts — In addition, the specific debts of the borrowers themselves affect the success of negotiations. Tax liens and domestic judgments remain unaffected by attempts at settlement. Recent law has granted special powers to student loans creditors, even those not federally subsidized, to attach bank accounts without possibility of Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. Also, some individual creditors, including Discover Card, for example, tend to resist negotiations aggressively.

Tax consequences — Another common objection to debt settlement is that debtors whose debts are partially canceled outside the bankruptcy system will need to report the canceled portion of the debt as taxable income. (IRS Publication Form 982) The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) considers any amount of forgiven debt as taxable income. Under the Foreclosures and Repossessions section, the IRS mentions that the forgiving creditor must provide the taxpayer with a 1099-C tax form for "forgiven debt amounts" of $600 or greater. [16] [17] The 1099-C form will list the amount of forgiven debt and interest in Box 2. Taxpayers with portions of personal loans forgiven may not subtract the interest reported in Box 3 from the amount of reported income on this form.

However, the IRS does not require taxpayers to report forgiven debt if the tax payer was insolvent at the time the creditor forgave the debt. Being insolvent means that the amount of a debtor's debts are greater than his/her assets (how much money and property the debtor owns). However, the IRS adds that "you cannot exclude any amount of canceled debt that is more than the amount by which you are insolvent." [18]

For example, if a taxpayer is $10,000 in debt and owns $3,000 in assets, he/she cannot exclude more than $7,000 of forgiven debt from his/her income tax. Any forgiven debt over $7,000 that year must be reported as taxable income.

Criticism

In May 2009, the New York Attorney General issued subpoenas to fourteen "debt settlement" companies, looking for violations of New York law. [19] On May 19, 2009, the New York Attorney General filed suit against two "debt settlement" firms and their affiliates, alleging violations related to fraudulent business practices and false advertising. [20]

A March 2010 CBS Early Show story on the debt settlement industry cast a harsh light on major debt settlement firm Credit Solutions of America's business practices, and provided consumer advice for debt settlement counseling. [21]

See also

Related Research Articles

Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor.

Debt relief or debt cancellation is the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations, or nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Debt consolidation</span> Form of debt refinancing

Debt consolidation is a form of debt refinancing that entails taking out one loan to pay off many others. This commonly refers to a personal finance process of individuals addressing high consumer debt, but occasionally it can also refer to a country's fiscal approach to consolidate corporate debt or government debt. The process can secure a lower overall interest rate to the entire debt load and provide the convenience of servicing only one loan or debt. Debt consolidation is sometimes pursued by loan sharks, who charge clients exorbitant interest rates. Further regulation has been discussed as a result.

Title 11 of the United States Code sets forth the statutes governing the various types of relief for bankruptcy in the United States. Chapter 13 of the United States Bankruptcy Code provides an individual with the opportunity to propose a plan of reorganization to reorganize their financial affairs while under the bankruptcy court's protection. The purpose of chapter 13 is to enable an individual with a regular source of income to propose a chapter 13 plan that provides for their various classes of creditors. Under chapter 13, the Bankruptcy Court has the power to approve a chapter 13 plan without the approval of creditors as long as it meets the statutory requirements under chapter 13. Chapter 13 plans are usually three to five years in length and may not exceed five years. Chapter 13 is in contrast to the purpose of Chapter 7, which does not provide for a plan of reorganization, but provides for the discharge of certain debt and the liquidation of non-exempt property. A Chapter 13 plan may be looked at as a form of debt consolidation, but a Chapter 13 allows a person to achieve much more than simply consolidating his or her unsecured debt such as credit cards and personal loans. A chapter 13 plan may provide for the four general categories of debt: priority claims, secured claims, priority unsecured claims, and general unsecured claims. Chapter 13 plans are often used to cure arrearages on a mortgage, avoid "underwater" junior mortgages or other liens, pay back taxes over time, or partially repay general unsecured debt. In recent years, some bankruptcy courts have allowed Chapter 13 to be used as a platform to expedite a mortgage modification application.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Accounts receivable</span> Claims for payment held by a business

Accounts receivable, abbreviated as AR or A/R, are legally enforceable claims for payment held by a business for goods supplied or services rendered that customers have ordered but not paid for. The accounts receivable process involves customer onboarding, invoicing, collections, deductions, exception management, and finally, cash posting after the payment is collected.

A creditor or lender is a party that has a claim on the services of a second party. It is a person or institution to whom money is owed. The first party, in general, has provided some property or service to the second party under the assumption that the second party will return an equivalent property and service. The second party is frequently called a debtor or borrower. The first party is called the creditor, which is the lender of property, service, or money.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bankruptcy in the United States</span>

In the United States, bankruptcy is largely governed by federal law, commonly referred to as the "Bankruptcy Code" ("Code"). The United States Constitution authorizes Congress to enact "uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States". Congress has exercised this authority several times since 1801, including through adoption of the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, as amended, codified in Title 11 of the United States Code and the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA).

In finance, unsecured debt refers to any type of debt or general obligation that is not protected by a guarantor, or collateralized by a lien on specific assets of the borrower in the case of a bankruptcy or liquidation or failure to meet the terms for repayment. Unsecured debts are sometimes called signature debt or personal loans. These differ from secured debt such as a mortgage, which is backed by a piece of real estate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Credit card debt</span> Form of consumer debt

Credit card debt results when a client of a credit card company purchases an item or service through the card system. Debt grows through the accrual of interest and penalties when the consumer fails to repay the company for the money they have spent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Debt collection</span> Pursuit of debt payments owed by an individual or business

Debt collection or cash collection is the process of pursuing payments of money or other agreed-upon value owed to a creditor. The debtors may be individuals or businesses. An organization that specializes in debt collection is known as a collection agency or debt collector. Most collection agencies operate as agents of creditors and collect debts for a fee or percentage of the total amount owed. Historically, debtors could face debt slavery, debtor's prison, or coercive collection methods. In the 21st century in many countries, legislation regulates debt collectors, and limits harassment and practices deemed unfair.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Credit</span> Financial term for the trust between parties in transactions with a deferred payment

Credit is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately, but promises either to repay or return those resources at a later date. The resources provided by the first party can be either property, fulfillment of promises, or performances. In other words, credit is a method of making reciprocity formal, legally enforceable, and extensible to a large group of unrelated people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act</span> 2005 American bill

The Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA) is a legislative act that made several significant changes to the United States Bankruptcy Code.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Credit counseling</span>

Credit counseling is commonly a process that is used to help individual debtors with debt settlement through education, budgeting and the use of a variety of tools with the goal to reduce and ultimately eliminate debt. Credit counseling is most often done by Credit counseling agencies that are empowered by contract to act on behalf of the debtor to negotiate with creditors to resolve debt that is beyond a debtor's ability to pay. Some of the agencies are non-profits that charge at no or non-fee rates, while others can be for-profit and include high fees. Regulations on credit counseling and Credit counseling agencies varies by country and sometimes within regions of the countries themselves. In the United States, individuals filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy are required to receive counseling.

The Offer in Compromise (OIC) program, in the United States, is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) program under 26 U.S.C. § 7122, which allows qualified individuals with an unpaid tax debt to negotiate a settled amount that is less than the total owed to clear the debt. A taxpayer uses the checklist in the Form 656, OIC package to determine if the taxpayer is eligible for the program. The objective of the OIC program is to accept a compromise when acceptance is in the best interests of both the taxpayer and the government, and promotes voluntary compliance with all future payment and filing requirements.

An individual voluntary arrangement (IVA) is a formal alternative in England and Wales for individuals wishing to avoid bankruptcy. In Scotland, the equivalent statutory debt solution is known as a protected trust deed.

Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors. In most cases personal bankruptcy is initiated by the bankrupt individual. Bankruptcy is a legal process that discharges most debts, but has the disadvantage of making it more difficult for an individual to borrow in the future. To avoid the negative impacts of personal bankruptcy, individuals in debt have a number of bankruptcy alternatives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Debt management plan</span>

Debt management plan (DMP) is an agreement between a debtor and a creditor that addresses the terms of an outstanding debt. This commonly refers to a personal finance process of individuals addressing high consumer debt. Debt management plans help reduce outstanding, unsecured debts over time to help the debtor regain control of finances. The process can secure a lower overall interest rate, longer repayment terms, or an overall reduction in the debt itself.

A secured transaction is a loan or a credit transaction in which the lender acquires a security interest in collateral owned by the borrower and is entitled to foreclose on or repossess the collateral in the event of the borrower's default. The terms of the relationship are governed by a contract, or security agreement. In the United States, secured transactions in personal property are governed by Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.).

A debt buyer is a company, sometimes a collection agency, a private debt collection law firm, or a private investor, that purchases delinquent or charged-off debts from a creditor or lender for a percentage of the face value of the debt based on the potential collectibility of the accounts. The debt buyer can then collect on its own, utilize the services of a third-party collection agency, repackage and resell portions of the purchased portfolio, or use any combination of these options.

The Uniform Debt-Management Services Act was promulgated in 2005 by the Uniform Law Commissioners. It provides the states with a comprehensive act governing national administration of debt counseling and management in a fair and effective way.

References

  1. ↑ "Debt Forgiveness: Plainer Speaking, Please" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "Testimony of Dr. Robert Manning before the FTC" (PDF).
  3. 1 2 Liz Pulliam Weston (July 24, 2006). "'Zombie' debt is hard to kill". MSN.com. Archived from the original on 2011-02-13. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  4. ↑ "Debt Settlement vs Bankruptcy".
  5. 1 2 "Make a deal with debt collectors". Archived from the original on 2011-08-21. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
  6. ↑ "US Federal Trade Commission, Facts for Consumers, "Knee Deep in Debt"". March 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 Birmbaum, Jane (February 9, 2008). "De bt Relief Can Cause Headaches of Its Own". The New York Times .
  8. ↑ TASC. "Letter from the Association of Settlement Companies (TASC) to the Federal Trade Commission, commenting on the FTC's proposed amendments to the Telemarketing Sales Rule on the marketing of debt relief services at 9-11" (PDF). FTC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-02. Retrieved Oct 26, 2009.
  9. ↑ Press Release. "Attorney General Unveils First Annual Report On Debt Settlement, Credit Counseling Business Practices". Colorado Attorney General. Archived from the original on 2010-02-04. Retrieved Oct 15, 2009.
  10. 1 2 3 GAO Report. "Debt Settlement: Fraudulent, Abusive and Deceptive Practices Pose Risk to Consumers" (PDF). GAO. Retrieved Apr 22, 2010.
  11. ↑ Consumer Advocates. "Debt Settlement Company Evasion of Amendments to TSR" (PDF). Cambridge-Credit.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-13. Retrieved Dec 13, 2010.
  12. ↑ Center for Responsible Lending. "The Debt Settlement Industry". Center for Responsible Lending. Archived from the original on 2011-12-29. Retrieved Jan 20, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Debt settlement: A costly escape". MSN Money. Archived from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
  14. ↑ "Consumer Information - Federal Trade Commission" (PDF). 7 July 2010.
  15. ↑ https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/finance/how-does-debt-settlement-work/[NerdWallet[ permanent dead link ]] February 26, 2016
  16. ↑ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p4681.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  17. ↑ https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1099c.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  18. ↑ "Publication 525 (2015), Taxable and Nontaxable Income".
  19. ↑ New York Attorney General Press Release May 7, 2009 http://www.oag.state.ny.us/media_center/2009/may/may7a_09.html Archived 2009-08-02 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ New York Attorney General Press Release May 19, 2009 http://www.oag.state.ny.us/media_center/2009/may/may19b_09.html Archived 2009-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ "Beware Debt Settlement Companies". CBS News. March 29, 2010. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
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