Demographics of Tees Valley

Demographics of Tees Valley
Demographics of Tees Valley
	Population pyramid in 2021
Population	678,400 (2021)
Density	886 people/km² (2021)
Growth rate	15,400 (2021 from 2011)
Age structure
0–14 years	114,646
15–64 years	388,268
65 and over	117,059
Nationality
Nationality	British citizen
Major ethnic	White (92.1%)
Minor ethnic	Asian (4.4%); Black (1.1%); Multiracial (2.1%); Other (1.1%);
Language
Official	English

Last updated May 15, 2025

Demography of the Tees Valley or Teesside metropolitan area of England is recorded with differing definitions. The area's fragmented data into different area definitions every other census after 1971 has meant a lack of clear lineal correlation analysis and anachronistic data.

The first recording of the multiple towns in the area with combined statistics was the 1971 census, during the 1968–1974 borough of Teesside's existence. By the 1981 and 1991 censuses the borough had been split into three (Middlesbrough, Stockton-On-Tees and what is now known as Redcar and Cleveland) with the additional Borough of Hartlepool to form the County of Cleveland for the combined statistical data of the area. For the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, the county had been abolished with an area recorded (between the size of the Teesside borough and the three replacement boroughs) as an urban area and built-up area respectively. The former county's four boroughs and the Borough of Darlington are now recorded as the Tees Valley Combined Authority mayoral area which was created in 2016 with its first census in 2021.

The newly formed Tees Valley Combined Authority encompasses 678,000 people and an area of 795 square kilometres (307 sq mi) over its 5 borough councils.^[1]

1

2

3

4

5

1	Darlington 109,469 197 mi²
2	Hartlepool 93,861 94 mi²

3	Stockton-on-Tees 199,966 205 mi²
4	Middlesbrough 148,285 54 mi²

5	Redcar and Cleveland 137,175 245 mi²

Population

Population of Tees Valley by district (2022)^[2]
District	Land area		Population		Density (/km²)
District	(km²)	(%)	People	(%)	Density (/km²)
Darlington	197	25%	109,469	16%	554
Hartlepool	94	12%	93,861	14%	1,002
Middlesbrough	54	7%	148,285	22%	2,752
Redcar and Cleveland	245	31%	137,175	20%	560
Stockton-on-Tees	205	26%	199,966	29%	976
Tees Valley	795	100%	688,756	100%	866

Modern

This is using reliable and government given statistics, both as combined data and broken down to Unitary Area divisions.

Population Change of Tees Valley
Census year	Total Population^[3]^[4]	Population Increase		Middlesbrough^[5]		Stockton-On-Tees^[6]		Redcar and Cleveland^[7]		Darlington^[8]		Hartlepool^[9]
Census year	Total Population^[3]^[4]	%	Actual	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change
1981	- (No Combined Data)	-	-	150,600	-	173,900	-	150,900	-	98,600	-	94,900	-
1991	- (No Combined Data)	-	-	144,700	-3.92	175,200	0.75	145,900	-3.31	99,300	0.71	91,100	-4
2001	652,200	-	-	141,200	-2.42	183,800	4.91	139,200	-4.59	97,900	-1.41	90,200	-0.99
2011	663,000	1.66	10,800	138,400	-1.98	191,800	4.35	135,200	-2.87	105,600	7.87	92,100	2.11
2021	678,400	2.32	15,400	143,000	3.32	197,000	2.71	136,600	1.04	108,200	2.46	92,600	0.54

Historical

The following information cannot be easily compared to the modern data, due to the fact that the administrative areas of the modern districts do not fully map to that of historical land divisions, meaning the population estimates for before 1981 must be taken with this context.

The University of Portsmouth mapped out historic data from 1801 to 1911, using modern Unitary Area land divisions to try and create estimates for what the population for each borough was like. The created estimates cannot be described as accurate, but use the non profit organisation UK Data Service's collection of sources, specifically the GBHDB.^[10]

University of Portsmouth Population Estimates
Year	Total Population	Population Increase		Middlesbrough^[11]		Stockton-On-Tees^[12]		Redcar and Cleveland^[13]		Darlington^[14]		Hartlepool^[15]
Year	Total Population	%	Actual	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change
1801	27,506	-	-	1,699	-	7,121	-	6,516	-	8,836	-	3,334	-
1811	28,631	4.09	1,125	1,735	2.12	7,372	3.52	6,714	3.04	9,356	5.89	3,454	3.6
1821	31,858	11.27	3,227	1,963	13.14	8,333	13.04	7,190	7.09	10,470	11.91	3,902	12.97
1831	37,405	17.41	5,547	2,132	8.61	9,975	19.7	7,228	0.53	13,379	27.78	4,691	20.22
1841	48,998	30.99	11,593	2,786	30.68	15,929	59.69	6,907	-4.44	15,801	18.1	7,575	61.48
1851	58,910	20.23	9,912	3,334	19.67	21,026	32	7,995	15.75	16,508	4.47	10,047	32.63
1861	96,181	63.27	37,271	4,233	26.96	27,953	32.94	14,474	81.04	20,333	23.17	29,188	190.51
1871	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1881	277,991	-	-	61,556	-	65,017	-	58,107	-	44,713	-	48,598	-
1891	337,313	21.34	59,322	81,711	32.74	80,665	24.07	61,303	5.5	47,047	5.22	66,587	37.02
1901	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1911	444,803	-	-	114,417	-	91,582	-	84,838	-	66,038	-	87,928	-
1921	493,225	10.89	48,422	129,376	13.07	102,508	11.93	93,120	9.76	74,899	13.42	93,322	6.13
1931	519,245	5.28	26,020	137,810	6.52	115,979	13.14	92,389	-0.79	80,342	7.27	92,725	-0.64
1941	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1951	568,536	-	-	147,034	-	130,191	-	103,907	-	94,759	-	92,645	-
1961	621,695	9.35	53,159	161,778	10.03	146,975	12.89	120,500	15.97	94,947	0.2	97,495	5.24
1971	665,255	7.01	43,560	99,606	-38.43	180,909	23.09	189,741	57.46	97,702	2.9	97,297	-0.2
1981	657,988	-1.09	-7,267	147,418	48	171,165	-5.39	149,857	-21.02	95,622	-2.13	93,926	-3.46
1991	649,183	-1.34	-8,805	140,857	-4.45	173,900	1.6	145,119	-3.16	98,912	3.44	90,395	-3.76
2001	638,847	-1.59	-10,336	134,832	-4.28	178,447	2.61	139,125	-4.13	97,817	-1.11	88,626	-1.96
2011	662,791	3.75	23,944	138,412	2.66	191,610	7.38	135,177	-2.84	105,564	7.92	92,028	3.84

(Estimated) Total population of Tees Valley
(Estimated) Historical Population by Region

The 1911 Preliminary Census Report, was a short summary of the changes in populations of the UK. In the section for towns, the settlements of Middlesbrough, Stockton, and Darlington are mentioned with details about their overall population change.^[16]

1911 Preliminary Census Report^[16]
Year	Total Population	Population Increase		Middlesbrough		Stockton-On-Tees		Redcar and Cleveland		Darlington		Hartlepool
Year	Total Population	%	Actual	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change	Total	% Change
1891	-	-	-	75,532	-	49,708	-	-	-	38,060	-	-	-
1901	-	-	-	91,302	+20.9	51,478	+3.6	-	-	44,511	+16.9	-	-
1911	-	-	-	104,787	+14.8	52,158	+1.3	-	-	55,633	+25.0	-	-

Economy

Year	Employment Rate (%)^[17]		Unemployment Rate (%)^[17]		GDP/Head at Current Market Prices^[17]		Inward FDI (£ Millions)^[17]
Year	Tees Valley	Avg. CA^{[note 1]}	Tees Valley	Avg. CA^{[note 1]}	Tees Valley	Avg. CA^{[note 1]}	Tees Valley	Avg. CA^{[note 1]}
2000	-	-	-	-	£14,178	£15,121	-	-
2001	-	-	-	-	£14,432	£15,949	-	-
2002	-	-	-	-	£15,148	£16,776	-	-
2003	-	-	-	-	£16,194	£17,512	-	-
2004	68.3	69.4	32.2	27.5	£17,203	£18,653	-	-
2005	68.6	70.0	30.7	27.4	£17,703	£19,447	-	-
2006	68.9	69.1	6.1	6.5	£18.493	£20,080	-	-
2007	68.1	69.9	7.0	5.9	£19,028	£20,616	-	-
2008	66.4	68.8	8.3	7.3	£19.569	£20,829	-	-
2009	65.0	66.7	10.0	9.7	£19,404	£20,139	-	-
2010	65.1	66.9	10.7	9.2	£19.661	£20,828	-	-
2011	63.2	65.8	12.2	9.8	£20.091	£21,424	-	-
2012	64.2	66.7	12.8	9.7	£20,339	£21,927	-	-
2013	66.5	67.3	10.7	9.5	£20,715	£22,333	-	-
2014	67.0	69.1	10.0	8.0	£21,540	£23,098	-	-
2015	68.8	70.6	8.4	6.8	£22,588	£23,912	£4,423	£12,589
2016	68.9	70.5	6.4	6.2	£22,745	£24,897	£4,587	£14,327
2017	68.6	71.5	6.8	5.3	£22,674	£25,773	£9,740	£14,058
2018	68.4	72.5	7.1	4.5	£23,191	£26,251	£9.882	£13,543
2019	68.7	72.5	6.4	4.9	£23,676	£26,809	£8,725	£14,926
2020	70.1	72.5	6.0	5.5	£22,607	£24,822	£6,006	£19,158
2021	69.5	72.0	5.1	6.6	£24,222	£27,221	£5,549	£19,607
2022	71.0	72.9	4.2	4.4	£25,910	£29,646	-	-
2023	72.3	72.5	4.8	4.0	-	-	-	-

Religion, Language and Identity

Religion

The religious statistics for 2021 for the Tees Valley Combined Authority, were released in the December 2022 statistics. For the area, the largest recorded group were Christian (50.7%), followed by None Religious (39.0%), the third largest was No Answer (5.2%), those identifying as Muslim came fourth (3.8%). The rest of the categories were all less than 1%, and so approximations of their total size may be inaccurate due to accuracy loss. Those identifying as Hindu were the fifth largest (0.5%), followed by equal percentages for Buddhist, Sikh and 'Other Religion'. Those identifying as Jewish recorded less than 0.1%, so the recorded number is unknown.

2021 Religious Data^[18]
Religion	Tees Valley CA (Approximate)		England %
Religion	Capita	%	England %
No religion	264,108	39.0	36.7
Christian	343,340	50.7	46.3
Buddhist	2,032	0.3	0.5
Hindu	3,386	0.5	1.8
Jewish	-	0.0^{[note 2]}	0.5
Muslim	25,734	3.8	6.7
Sikh	2,032	0.3	0.9
Other religion	2,032	0.3	0.6
Not answered	35,214	5.2	6.0

Language

2021 Proficiency in English (Of those above 3 years old)^[18]
Category	Tees Valley CA	England
Main language is English	96.4%	90.8%
Can speak English very well	1.4%	4%
Can speak English well	1.3%	3.3%
Cannot speak English well	0.8%	1.6%
Cannot speak English	0.1%	0.3%

Ethnicity and Identity

2021 Ethnicity of Tees Valley^[18]
Category	Tees Valley CA	England
Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh	4.4%	9.6%
Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African	1.1%	4.2%
Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups	1.3%	3%
White	92.1%	81%
Other ethnic group	1.1%	2.2%

Ethnicity Break Down
Area	Category	2011		2021
Area	Category	Number	%	Number	%
Tees Valley CA	Total	663,000	100	678,400	100
	Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh	-	-	29,849	4.4
	Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African	-	-	7,462	1.1
	Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups	-	-	8,819	1.3
	White	-	-	624,806	92.1
	Other ethnic group	-	-	7,462	1.1
Middlesbrough^[19]	Total	138,400	100	143,000	100
	Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh	10,795	7.8	15,015	10.5
	Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African	1,799	1.3	3861	2.7
	Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups	2353	1.7	3003	2.1
	White	122,069	88.2	117832	82.4
	Other ethnic group	1522	1.1	3432	2.4
Stockton-On-Tees^[20]	Total	191,800	100	197,000	100
	Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh	6713	3.5	9062	4.6
	Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African	1151	0.6	2167	1.1
	Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups	1918	1.0	2758	1.4
	White	181,443	94.6	181,240	92.0
	Other ethnic group	575	0.3	1576	0.8
Redcar and Cleveland^[21]	Total	135,200	100	136,600	100
	Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh	811	0.6	1093	0.8
	Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African	135	0.1	273	0.2
	Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups	811	0.6	1229	0.9
	White	133172	98.5	133,458	97.7
	Other ethnic group	135	0.1	546	0.4
Darlington^[22]	Total	105,600	100	108,200	100
	Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh	2218	2.1	3030	2.8
	Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African	317	0.3	757	0.7
	Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups	1162	1.1	1515	1.4
	White	101,587	96.2	102,141	94.4
	Other ethnic group	211	0.2	974	0.9
Hartlepool^[23]	Total	92,100	100	92,600	100
	Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh	1289	1.4	1574	1.7
	Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African	184	0.2	463	0.5
	Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups	553	0.6	648	0.7
	White	89,982	97.7	89,359	96.5
	Other ethnic group	92	0.1	556	0.6

National Identity^[18]
Category	Tees Valley CA	England
One or more UK identity only	95.5%	88%
UK identity and non-UK identity	0.7%	2%
Non-UK identity only	3.9%	10%

National Identity Breakdown
Year	Category	2011		2021
Year	Category	Number	%	Number	%
Tees Valley CA^[18]	Total	663,000	100	678,400	100
	One or more UK identity only	-	-	647872	95.5
	UK identity and non-UK identity	-	-	4748.8	0.7
	Non-UK identity only	-	-	26457.6	3.9
Middlesbrough^[19]	Total	138,400	100	143,000	100
	British only identity	20344.8	14.7	82082	57.4
	Welsh only identity	138	0.1	143	0.1
	Welsh and British only identity	-	0.0^{[note 2]}	-	0.0^{[note 2]}
	English only identity	96050	69.4	20449	14.3
	English and British only identity	13148	9.5	26741	18.7
	Any other combination of only UK identities	1384	1	1001	0.7
	Non-UK identity only	6643	4.8	11297	7.9
	UK identity and non-UK identity	554	0.4	1287	0.9
Stockton-On-Tees^[20]	Total	191,800	100	197,000	100
	British only identity	27044	14.1	117412	59.6
	Welsh only identity	384	0.2	197	0.1
	Welsh and British only identity	-	0.0^{[note 2]}	197	0.1
	English only identity	136945	71.4	31914	16.2
	English and British only identity	19947	10.4	38021	19.3
	Any other combination of only UK identities	2493	1.3	1773	0.9
	Non-UK identity only	4220	2.2	6107	3.1
	UK identity and non-UK identity	575	0.3	1379	0.7
Redcar and Cleveland^[21]	Total	135,200	100	136,600	100
	British only identity	17035	12.6	79638	58.3
	Welsh only identity	270	0.2	137	0.1
	Welsh and British only identity	-	0.0^{[note 2]}	137	0.1
	English only identity	100454	74.3	25408	18.6
	English and British only identity	14196	10.5	27593	20.2
	Any other combination of only UK identities	1758	1.3	1229	0.9
	Non-UK identity only	1217	0.9	2049	1.5
	UK identity and non-UK identity	270	0.2	546	0.4
Darlington^[22]	Total	105,600	100	108,200	100
	British only identity	15523	14.7	63081	58.3
	Welsh only identity	317	0.3	108	0.1
	Welsh and British only identity	106	0.1	108	0.1
	English only identity	73392	69.5	17961	16.6
	English and British only identity	10771	10.2	19476	18
	Any other combination of only UK identities	2112	2.0	1623	1.5
	Non-UK identity only	3062	2.9	4869	4.5
	UK identity and non-UK identity	317	0.3	974	0.9
Hartlepool^[23]	Total	92,100	100	92,600	100
	British only identity	10315	11.2	53152	57.4
	Welsh only identity	92	0.1	93	0.1
	Welsh and British only identity	-	0.0^{[note 2]}	93	0.1
	English only identity	69812	75.8	16390	17.7
	English and British only identity	9486	10.3	20002	21.6
	Any other combination of only UK identities	921	1.0	556	0.6
	Non-UK identity only	1289	1.4	2037	2.2
	UK identity and non-UK identity	184	0.2	370	0.4

Country of Birth^[18]
Category	Tees Valley CA	England
Born in the UK	93.2%	82.6%
Born outside the UK	6.8%	17.4%

Notes

1 2 3 4 Values from the average (median) of all combined authorities.
1 2 3 4 5 6 The percentage may not equal 0% in the census, but rather the value is too small to represent in the provided accuracy. It may also not be publicly released for data protection reasons if the sample is too small.

References

↑ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2024". Office for National Statistics.
↑ "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics . 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
↑ Office of National Statistics. "Labour Market Profile - Tees Valley". nomsisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Labour Market Profile Tees Valley - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Labour Market Profile Middlesbrough - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Labour Market Profile Stockton-On-Tees - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Labour Market Profile Redcar and Cleveland - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Labour Market Profile Darlington - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Labour Market Profile Hartlepool - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Vision of Britain | Data Access". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Middlesbrough UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Stockton on Tees UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Redcar and Cleveland UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Darlington UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
↑ "Hartlepool UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
1 2 "Vision of Britain | 1911 Census: Preliminary Report | Report". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
1 2 3 4 "Local indicators for Tees Valley". Office of National Statistics. 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.
1 2 3 4 5 6 "Build a custom area profile - Census 2021, ONS". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
1 2 "How life has changed in Middlesbrough: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
1 2 "How life has changed in Stockton-on-Tees: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
1 2 "How life has changed in Redcar and Cleveland: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
1 2 "How life has changed in Darlington: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
1 2 "How life has changed in Hartlepool: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

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[note_1-18] 1 2 3 4 Values from the average (median) of all combined authorities.

[note-20] 1 2 3 4 5 6 The percentage may not equal 0% in the census, but rather the value is too small to represent in the provided accuracy. It may also not be publicly released for data protection reasons if the sample is too small.

[1] "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2024". Office for National Statistics.

[2] "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics . 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.

[3] Office of National Statistics. "Labour Market Profile - Tees Valley". nomsisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[4] "Labour Market Profile Tees Valley - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[5] "Labour Market Profile Middlesbrough - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[6] "Labour Market Profile Stockton-On-Tees - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[7] "Labour Market Profile Redcar and Cleveland - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[8] "Labour Market Profile Darlington - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[9] "Labour Market Profile Hartlepool - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[10] "Vision of Britain | Data Access". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 27 September 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[11] "Middlesbrough UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[12] "Stockton on Tees UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[13] "Redcar and Cleveland UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[14] "Darlington UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 April 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[15] "Hartlepool UA through time | Statistics |". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[:0-16] 1 2 "Vision of Britain | 1911 Census: Preliminary Report | Report". visionofbritain.org.uk. Archived from the original on 28 May 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

[:7-17] 1 2 3 4 "Local indicators for Tees Valley". Office of National Statistics. 2025. Retrieved 15 May 2025.

[:1-19] 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Build a custom area profile - Census 2021, ONS". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

[:2-21] 1 2 "How life has changed in Middlesbrough: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

[:3-22] 1 2 "How life has changed in Stockton-on-Tees: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

[:4-23] 1 2 "How life has changed in Redcar and Cleveland: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

[:5-24] 1 2 "How life has changed in Darlington: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

[:6-25] 1 2 "How life has changed in Hartlepool: Census 2021". sveltekit-prerender. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

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