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The nutcrackers (Nucifraga) are a genus of three species of passerine bird,in the family Corvidae,related to the jays and crows.
Clark's nutcracker,sometimes referred to as Clark's crow or woodpecker crow,is a passerine bird in the family Corvidae,native to the mountains of western North America. The nutcracker is an omnivore,but subsists mainly on pine nuts,burying seeds in the ground in the summer and then retrieving them in the winter by memory. The bird was described by the Lewis and Clark Expedition,with William Clark first observing it in 1805 along the banks of the Salmon River,a tributary of the Columbia River.
Pinus albicaulis,known by the common names whitebark pine,white bark pine,white pine,pitch pine,scrub pine,and creeping pine,is a conifer tree native to the mountains of the western United States and Canada,specifically subalpine areas of the Sierra Nevada,Cascade Range,Pacific Coast Ranges,and Rocky Mountains. It shares the common name "creeping pine" with several other plants.
Pinus flexilis,the limber pine,is a species of pine tree-the family Pinaceae that occurs in the mountains of the Western United States,Mexico,and Canada. It is also called Rocky Mountain white pine.
A frugivore is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots,shoots,nuts and seeds. Approximately 20% of mammalian herbivores eat fruit. Frugivores are highly dependent on the abundance and nutritional composition of fruits. Frugivores can benefit or hinder fruit-producing plants by either dispersing or destroying their seeds through digestion. When both the fruit-producing plant and the frugivore benefit by fruit-eating behavior the interaction is a form of mutualism.
Daniel Hunt Janzen is an American evolutionary ecologist,and conservationist. He divides his time between his professorship in biology at the University of Pennsylvania,where he is the DiMaura Professor of Conservation Biology,and his research and field work in Costa Rica.
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Secondary succession is the secondary ecological succession of a plant's life. As opposed to the first,primary succession,secondary succession is a process started by an event that reduces an already established ecosystem to a smaller population of species,and as such secondary succession occurs on preexisting soil whereas primary succession usually occurs in a place lacking soil. Many factors can affect secondary succession,such as trophic interaction,initial composition,and competition-colonization trade-offs. The factors that control the increase in abundance of a species during succession may be determined mainly by seed production and dispersal,micro climate;landscape structure;bulk density,pH,and soil texture.
A seagrass meadow or seagrass bed is an underwater ecosystem formed by seagrasses. Seagrasses are marine (saltwater) plants found in shallow coastal waters and in the brackish waters of estuaries. Seagrasses are flowering plants with stems and long green,grass-like leaves. They produce seeds and pollen and have roots and rhizomes which anchor them in seafloor sand.
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Kristine French is an Australian plant biologist who is a professor at the University of Wollongong,where she has directed the Janet Cosh Herbarium since 1992. She is known for researching the ecology of weeds,studying urban ecology and "endangered species and forest ecology."
Assisted migration is the movement of populations or species by humans from one territory to another in response to climate change. This is the definition offered in a nontechnical document published by the United States Forest Service in 2023,suggesting that this form of climate adaptation "could be a proactive,pragmatic tool for building climate resilience in our landscapes."
References
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- 1 2 "Staff & Board of Directors".
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- 1 2 3 Tomback, Diana F.; Arno, Stephen F.; Keane, Robert E., eds. (March 6, 2001). Whitebark pine communities: ecology and restoration. Island Press – via K10plus ISBN.
- ↑ Morrison, Jim. "A Bold Plan to Save the Last Whitebark Pines". Wired– via www.wired.com.
- ↑ "Colorado looks to logging to help re-balance forests in an era of climate-triggered megafires". December 7, 2020.
- ↑ "Climate change, wildfires and a deadly fungus threaten this iconic tree". The Washington Post .
- 1 2 "Why birds matter : avian ecological function and ecosystem services".
- ↑ "Mountain ecosystems : dynamics, management, and conservation".
- ↑ "Rocky Mountain futures : an ecological perspective".
- ↑ "Yellowstone's birds : diversity and abundance in the world's first national park".
- ↑ "Foraging strategies of Clark's Nutcracker" (PDF).
- ↑ "Dispersal of Whitebark Pine Seeds by Clark's Nutcracker: A Mutualism Hypothesis".
- ↑ Tomback, Diana F.; Linhart, Yan B. (July 1, 1990). "The evolution of bird-dispersed pines". Evolutionary Ecology. 4 (3): 185–219. Bibcode:1990EvEco...4..185T. doi:10.1007/BF02214330. S2CID 38439470 – via Springer Link.
- ↑ Keane, Robert E.; Arno, Stephen F.; Brown, James K.; Tomback, Diana F. (May 1, 1990). "Modelling stand dynamics in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forests". Ecological Modelling. 51 (1): 73–95. doi:10.1016/0304-3800(90)90059-P – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Tomback, Diana F.; Sund, Sharren K.; Hoffmann, Lyn A. (February 1, 1993). "Post-fire regeneration of Pinus albicaulis : height–age relationships, age structure, and microsite characteristics". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 23 (2): 113–119. doi:10.1139/x93-018 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ "Tree Clusters and Growth Form Distribution in Pinus cembra, a Bird-dispersed Pine". doi:10.1080/00040851.1993.12003023 (inactive 2024-03-06).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link) - ↑ McKinney, Shawn T.; Tomback, Diana F. (June 6, 2007). "The influence of white pine blister rust on seed dispersal in whitebark pine". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 37 (6): 1044–1057. doi:10.1139/X06-305 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ McKinney, Shawn T.; Fiedler, Carl E.; Tomback, Diana F. (April 6, 2009). "Invasive pathogen threatens bird–pine mutualism: implications for sustaining a high-elevation ecosystem". Ecological Applications. 19 (3): 597–607. Bibcode:2009EcoAp..19..597M. doi:10.1890/08-0151.1. PMID 19425424 – via CrossRef.
- ↑ Tomback, D. F.; Achuff, P. (August 6, 2010). "Blister rust and western forest biodiversity: ecology, values and outlook for white pines". Forest Pathology. 40 (3–4): 186–225. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0329.2010.00655.x – via CrossRef.
- ↑ "The Need to Quantify Ecosystem Services Provided By Birds".
- ↑ Castoe, Todd A.; Poole, Alexander W.; Koning, A. P. Jason de; Jones, Kenneth L.; Tomback, Diana F.; Oyler-McCance, Sara J.; Fike, Jennifer A.; Lance, Stacey L.; Streicher, Jeffrey W.; Smith, Eric N.; Pollock, David D. (February 14, 2012). "Rapid Microsatellite Identification from Illumina Paired-End Genomic Sequencing in Two Birds and a Snake". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e30953. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730953C. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030953 . PMC 3279355 . PMID 22348032.
- ↑ McLane, Adam J.; Semeniuk, Christina; McDermid, Gregory J.; Tomback, Diana F.; Lorenz, Teresa; Marceau, Danielle (June 24, 2017). "Energetic behavioural-strategy prioritization of Clark's nutcrackers in whitebark pine communities: An agent-based modeling approach". Ecological Modelling. 354: 123–139. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.03.019 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ Pansing, Elizabeth R.; Tomback, Diana F.; Wunder, Michael B.; French, Joshua P.; Wagner, Aaron C. (November 6, 2017). "Microsite and elevation zone effects on seed pilferage, germination, and seedling survival during early whitebark pine recruitment". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (21): 9027–9040. Bibcode:2017EcoEv...7.9027P. doi:10.1002/ece3.3421. PMC 5677468 . PMID 29152195.
- ↑ Pansing, Elizabeth R.; Tomback, Diana F. (August 6, 2019). "Survival of Whitebark Pine Seedlings Grown from Direct Seeding: Implications for Regeneration and Restoration under Climate Change". Forests. 10 (8): 677. doi: 10.3390/f10080677 .
- ↑ "2014–2015 Charles Bullard Fellows Announced | Harvard Forest". harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu.