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An eating disorder is a mental disorder defined by abnormal eating behaviors that negatively affect a person's physical or mental health. Types of eating disorders include binge eating disorder,where the patient eats a large amount in a short period of time;anorexia nervosa,where the person has an intense fear of gaining weight and restricts food or overexercises to manage this fear;bulimia nervosa,where individuals eat a large quantity (binging) then try to rid themselves of the food (purging);pica,where the patient eats non-food items;rumination syndrome,where the patient regurgitates undigested or minimally digested food;avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID),where people have a reduced or selective food intake due to some psychological reasons;and a group of other specified feeding or eating disorders. Anxiety disorders,depression and substance abuse are common among people with eating disorders. These disorders do not include obesity. People often experience comorbidity between an eating disorder and OCD. It is estimated 20–60% of patients with an ED have a history of OCD.
Bulimia nervosa,also known as simply bulimia,is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging or fasting,and excessive concern with body shape and weight. This activity aims to expel the body of calories eaten from the binging phase of the process. Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed. This may be done by vomiting or taking laxatives.
Promotion of anorexia is the promotion of behaviors related to the eating disorder anorexia nervosa. It is often referred to simply as pro-ana or ana. The lesser-used term pro-mia refers likewise to bulimia nervosa and is sometimes used interchangeably with pro-ana. Pro-ana groups differ widely in their stances. Most claim that they exist mainly as a non-judgmental environment for anorexics;a place to turn to,to discuss their illness,and to support those who choose to enter recovery. Others deny anorexia nervosa is a mental illness and claim instead that it is a lifestyle choice that should be respected by doctors and family.
Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge eating episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems,but without the compensatory behaviors common to bulimia nervosa,OSFED,or the binge-purge subtype of anorexia nervosa.
Binge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. It is a common symptom of eating disorders such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. During such binges,a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food. A diagnosis of binge eating is associated with feelings of loss of control. Binge eating disorder is also linked with being overweight and obesity.
Disordered eating describes a variety of abnormal eating behaviors that,by themselves,do not warrant diagnosis of an eating disorder.
Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a child's health or well-being. As methods to determine body fat directly are difficult,the diagnosis of obesity is often based on BMI. Due to the rising prevalence of obesity in children and its many adverse health effects it is being recognized as a serious public health concern. The term 'overweight' rather than 'obese' is often used when discussing childhood obesity,as it is less stigmatizing,although the term 'overweight' can also refer to a different BMI category. The prevalence of childhood obesity is known to differ by sex and gender.
Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a feeding or eating disorder in which people avoid eating certain foods,or restrict their diets to the point it ultimately results in nutritional deficiencies. This can be due to the sensory characteristics of food,such as its appearance,smell,texture,or taste,and/or due to fear of negative consequences such as choking or vomiting;and/or having little interest in eating or food. People with ARFID may also be afraid of trying new foods,a fear known as food neophobia.
Diabulimia,also known as ED-DMT1 in the US or T1ED in the UK,is an eating disorder in which people with type 1 diabetes deliberately give themselves less insulin than they need or stop taking it altogether for the purpose of weight loss. Diabulimia is not recognized as a formal psychiatric diagnosis in the DSM-5. Because of this,some in the medical or psychiatric communities use the phrases "disturbed eating behavior" or "disordered eating behavior" and disordered eating (DE) are quite common in medical and psychiatric literature addressing patients who have type 1 diabetes and manipulate insulin doses to control weight along with exhibiting bulimic behavior.
Anorexia nervosa (AN),often referred to simply as anorexia,is an eating disorder characterized by low weight,food restriction,body image disturbance,fear of gaining weight,and an overpowering desire to be thin.
The Center on Media and Child Health (CMCH) is a non-profit organization based at Boston Children's Hospital. CMCH was founded in 2002,by pediatrician Michael Rich,Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School;and Associate Professor of Society,Human Development,and Health at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
Research into food choice investigates how people select the food they eat. An interdisciplinary topic,food choice comprises psychological and sociological aspects,economic issues and sensory aspects.
The term "Freshman 15" is an expression commonly used in the United States and Canada that refers to an amount of weight gained during a student's first year at college. In Australia and New Zealand,it is sometimes referred to as "First Year Fatties","Fresher Spread",or "Fresher Five",the latter referring to a five-kilogram gain.
Social stigma of obesity is broadly defined as bias or discriminatory behaviors targeted at overweight and obese individuals because of their weight and a high body fat percentage. Such social stigmas can span one's entire life,as long as excess weight is present,starting from a young age and lasting into adulthood. Studies also indicate overweight and obese individuals experience higher levels of stigma compared to other people.
Other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) is a subclinical DSM-5 category that,along with unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED),replaces the category formerly called eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) in the DSM-IV-TR. It captures feeding disorders and eating disorders of clinical severity that do not meet diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN),bulimia nervosa (BN),binge eating disorder (BED),avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID),pica,or rumination disorder. OSFED includes five examples:
Mary Story is Professor of Global Health and Community and Family Medicine,and associate director of Education and Training,Duke Global Health Institute at Duke University. Dr. Story is a leading scholar on child and adolescent nutrition and child obesity prevention.
Nancy Eisenberg is a psychologist and professor at Arizona State University. She was the President of the Western Psychological Association in 2014-2015 and the Division 7 president of the American Psychological Association in 2010-2012. Her research focuses on areas of emotional and social development of children. She is also in charge of a research lab at Arizona State University where undergraduate researchers help in longitudinal studies of social and emotional development in children and young adolescents.
Grazing is a human eating pattern characterized as "the repetitive eating of small or modest amounts of food in an unplanned manner throughout a period of time,and not in response to hunger or satiety cues".
The social stigma of obesity,can be defined as the systemic oppression of and discrimination against people who may be considered overweight,obese,or fat. Fatphobia exists in many forms and presents itself in both institutional and interpersonal circumstances. According to numerous academics,fatphobia or general anti-fat bias is common and pervasive. Fatphobia negatively impacts the attitudes and behaviours of individuals towards those considered to be overweight or obese. Employment,relationships,and medical care are some facets of daily living that are all known to be negatively impacted by fat-phobic rhetoric or anti-fat assumptions. Fatphobia is produced and spread in many ways,including through advertising and popular media such as television shows. According to a number of scholars,television shows in North America both underrepresent and misrepresent fat people which (re)produces fatphobic rhetoric
Body image disturbance (BID) is a common symptom in patients with eating disorders and is characterized by an altered perception of one's own body.
References
- ↑ Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Butler, Ruth; Palti, Hava (1995). "Eating disturbances among adolescent girls: Evaluation of a school-based primary prevention program". Journal of Nutrition Education. 27: 24–31. doi:10.1016/S0022-3182(12)80262-7.
- ↑ "Project EAT".
- ↑ "Dianne Neumark-Sztainer - Google Scholar".
- ↑ "The World's Most Influential Scientific Minds 2014" (PDF).
- ↑ "NIH Gives $6.5M to Neumark-Sztainer to Study Eating and Weight Issues in Young People". 3 April 2018.
- 1 2 "Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, PhD, MPH".
- ↑ Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne. "Project EAT-III: Eating Among Teens and Young Adults". Grantome.
- 1 2 "Project EAT".
- ↑ Neumark-Sztainer, D.; Eisenberg, M. E.; Fulkerson, J. A.; Story, M.; Larson, N. I. (2008). "Family meals and disordered eating in adolescents: longitudinal findings from project EAT". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 162 (1): 17–22. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.9 . PMID 18180407. S2CID 39243550.
- ↑ Zinn, Janet (2006). "A Review of: "I'm Like, So Fat: Helping Your Teen Make Healthy Choices about Eating and Exercise in a Weight-Obsessed World"". Eating Disorders. 14 (2): 171–172. doi:10.1080/10640260500536342. S2CID 143387049.
- ↑ Puhl, Rebecca M.; Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Austin, S Bryn; Luedicke, Joerg; King, Kelly M. (2014). "Setting policy priorities to address eating disorders and weight stigma: views from the field of eating disorders and the US general public". BMC Public Health. 14: 524. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-524 . PMC 4046055 . PMID 24884645.
- ↑ Bucchianeri, M. M.; Arikian, A. J.; Hannan, P. J.; Eisenberg, M. E.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2012). "Body Dissatisfaction from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Findings from a 10-Year Longitudinal Study". Body Image. 10 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2012.09.001. PMC 3814026 . PMID 23084464.
- ↑ Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Wall, Melanie; Larson, Nicole I.; Eisenberg, Marla E.; Loth, Katie (2011). "Dieting and Disordered Eating Behaviors from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Findings from a 10-Year Longitudinal Study". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 111 (7): 1004–1011. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2011.04.012. PMC 3140795 . PMID 21703378.
- 1 2 Neumark-Sztainer, D. R.; Friend, S. E.; Flattum, C. F.; Hannan, P. J.; Story, M. T.; Bauer, K. W.; Feldman, S. B.; Petrich, C. A. (2010). "New Moves—Preventing Weight-Related Problems in Adolescent Girls". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 39 (5): 421–432. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.07.017. PMC 2978965 . PMID 20965379.
- ↑ Ciao, A. C.; Loth, K.; Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2014). "Preventing Eating Disorder Pathology: Common and Unique Features of Successful Eating Disorders Prevention Programs". Current Psychiatry Reports. 16 (7): 453. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0453-0. PMC 4104660 . PMID 24821099.
- ↑ "Leonard M. Schuman Award for Excellence in Teaching" (PDF).
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