Disability in Vietnam

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Disability in Vietnam is relatively common compared to the overall population. As of 2009, an estimated 6.1 people, or 7.8% of the population, over the age of 5 years, lived with one or more disabilities. [1] Other estimates by non-profit organizations place this number higher, at up to 15.3%. [2]

Contents

History

The first national law, the Vietnam National Law on Disability, guaranteeing the rights of people with disabilities in Vietnam was passed in 2010. [3] [4] Vietnam also participates in the Biwako Framework, an outline for societies to become more inclusive in the Asia-Pacific region. [5] On 28 November 2014, the National Assembly of Vietnam ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. [3] The national law, the Labour Code of 2012, and the National Action Plan to Support People with Disabilities all emphasize equal access to employment and education for people with disabilities. [2]

A contributing factor to disabilities in Vietnam is parental exposure to Agent Orange, a herbicide used by the American military during the Vietnam War (in Vietnam called the American War), that led to birth defects and neurological impairments. [5] Disability prevalence in Vietnam is higher than what is typically observed in other countries and this number increases in Agent Orange hot spots, such as the city of Da Nang. [2]

Social stigma

In Vietnam, having a disability is often viewed as a consequences of the sins of a parent or ancestor, and the disability of a child is viewed by the parents as a misfortune. [6] This view also contributes to the social stigmatization of mothers of children with disabilities, who sometimes face social isolation and on average have small social networks than their peers. The belief that disability is caused by ghosts is more common in rural Vietnam. [2]

Statistics

Compared to people without disabilities, people with disabilities in Vietnam have lower rates of literacy and education, as well as higher rates of living in poverty. [1]

Despite the rapid growth of the Vietnamese economy, since the end of the American War, the government provides little assistance to people with disabilities and their families, most of whom disproportionately live in poverty. The Vietnamese Ministry of Labor, Invalids, and Social Affairs (MOLISA) estimated that, as of 2009, 32.5% of households of people with disabilities are poor. [2] Non-governmental organizations provide important support but are often provide only a narrowly defined set of interventions. [2]

The first large-scale National Survey on People with Disabilities was conducted in 2016. [7] The survey found that 7% (6.2 million people) of the population aged 2 years and older have a disability, while 13% (almost 12 million people) live in a household with a person who has a disability. These numbers are expected to rise as the population ages. [7]

Children with disabilities

In 1999, it was estimated that 2 to 6% of children in Vietnam have some form of disability. [8]

Primary school enrollment for children with disability is about 69%, compared to 96% among children without disabilities. [5] In 2010, the Vietnamese National Coordinating Council on Disability (NCCD) estimated that among children with disabilities, 55% of girls and 39% of boys have never attended school; among children who do attend, one-third drop out before completing their basic education. [2] In the same report, the NCCD estimated that only 21% of Vietnamese vocational institutes are able to provided work readiness training to people with disabilities.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Politics of Vietnam</span> Political system of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

The politics of Vietnam is dominated by a single party under an authoritarian system, the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV). The President of Vietnam is the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Vietnam is the head of government, both of these are separate from the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam who leads the CPV and is head of the Politburo and the Central Military Commission, thus the General Secretary is the de facto supreme leader of Vietnam. Executive power is exercised by the government and the President of Vietnam. Legislative power is vested in the National Assembly of Vietnam. The Judiciary is independent of the executive. The parliament adopted the current Constitution of Vietnam, its fifth, on 28 November 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ho Chi Minh City</span> Municipality in Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City, also commonly known as Saigon, is the most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of around 9.3 million in 2023. Situated in the Southeast region of Vietnam, the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2,061 km2 (796 sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnam</span> Country in Southeast Asia

Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of 331,212 square kilometres (127,882 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Cambodia to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Ho Chi Minh City.

Education in Vietnam is a state-run system of public and private education run by the Ministry of Education and Training. It is divided into five levels: preschool, primary school, secondary school, high school, and higher education. Formal education consists of twelve years of basic education. Basic education consists of five years of primary education, four years of secondary education, and three years of high school education. The majority of basic education students are enrolled on a daily basis. The main goals are general knowledge improvement, human resources training and talent development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catholic Church in Vietnam</span>

The Catholic Church in Vietnam is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of bishops in Vietnam who are in communion with the pope in Rome. Vietnam has the fifth largest Catholic population in Asia, after the Philippines, India, China and Indonesia. There are about 7 million Catholics in Vietnam, representing 7.0% of the total population. There are 27 dioceses with 2,228 parishes and 2,668 priests. The main liturgical rites employed in Vietnam are those of the Latin Church.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Assembly of Vietnam</span> National legislature of Vietnam

The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the highest body of state power of Vietnam. The National Assembly is the only branch of government in Vietnam and, in accordance with the principle of unified power, all state organs are subservient to it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bright Future Group for People with Disabilities</span> Vietnamese self-help organization

Bright Future Group for People with Disabilities, also known as Bright Future Group, is a Vietnamese non-profit organization of people with mobility impairments, who work as volunteers for people with disabilities. Established in 1988 by former students in Hanoi, it is one of the first grassroots organizations of people with disabilities in Vietnam, and celebrated its 20th anniversary on November 16, 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Vietnam</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) people in Vietnam face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. From 2000, both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal and are believed to never have been criminalized in Vietnamese history. However, same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to heterosexual couples. Vietnam provides limited anti-discrimination protections for transgender people. The right to change gender was officially legalized in Vietnam after the National Assembly passed an amendment to the Civil Code in 2015.

Land reform in North Vietnam can be understood as an agrarian reform in northern Vietnam throughout different periods, but in many cases it only refers to the one within the government of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the 1950s. The reform was one of the most important economic and political programs launched by the Viet Minh government during the years 1953–1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Vietnam</span>

Health in Vietnam encompasses general and specific concerns to the region, its history, and various socioeconomic status, such as dealing with malnutrition, effects of Agent Orange as well as psychological issues from the Vietnam War, tropical diseases, and other issues such as underdeveloped healthcare systems or inadequate ratio of healthcare or social workers to patients.

A two-child policy is a government-imposed limit of two children allowed per family or the payment of government subsidies only to the first two children.

Vietnam does not recognize same-sex marriages, civil unions, domestic partnerships, unregistered cohabitation, or any other form of recognition for same-sex couples. Article 36(1) of the 2013 Constitution of Vietnam states that "marriage must adhere to the principles of voluntariness, progressiveness, monogamy, and equality between husband and wife."

Communism in Vietnam is linked to the Politics of Vietnam and the push for independence. Marxism was introduced in Vietnam with the emergence of three communist parties: the Indochinese Communist Party, the Annamese Communist Party, and the Indochinese Communist Union, later joined by a Trotskyist movement led by Tạ Thu Thâu. In 1930, the Communist International (Comintern) sent Nguyễn Ái Quốc to Hong Kong to coordinate the unification of the parties into the Vietnamese Communist Party, with Trần Phú as its first Secretary General.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in Vietnam</span> Overview of the status of women in Vietnam

The role of women in Vietnam was subject to many changes throughout the history of Vietnam. They have taken on varying roles in society, including warriors, nurses, mothers and wives. There have been many advances in women's rights in Vietnam, such as an increase in women representation in government, as well as the creation of the Vietnam Women's Union in 1930.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poverty in Vietnam</span> Overview of poverty in Vietnam

Until the 1920s, most of the Vietnamese population lived under the poverty line. This was due to a number of reasons, which was a result from years as a French colony, the Japanese occupation of Vietnam, the Vietnam-American War, and further conflicts within Mainland Southeast Asia. Continuous conflicts from 1887 to 1991, more than 100 years of instability had left Vietnam a war-torn country that was prone severe floods from typhoons, rising sea levels, as well as the so-called "flood season" from seasonal monsoons, as well as the effects of climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnamese Women's Museum</span> Museum in Hanoi, Vietnam

The Vietnamese Women's Museum, established and operated by the Vietnam Women’s Union, officially opened its doors to public in 1995. The four-storey building is in Hanoi, Ly Thuong Kiet Street, situated along the central Hoan Kiem Lake and old quarter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnamese nationalism</span> Form of nationalism regarding the Vietnamese people and nation

Vietnamese nationalism is a form of nationalism that asserts the Vietnamese people as a separate independent nation. It encompasses a broad range of ideas and sentiments harbored by the Vietnamese people in regards with national identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vietnam Women's Union</span>

The Vietnam Women's Union, otherwise referred to as the VWU or Hội Liên Hiệp Phụ Nữ Việt Nam in Vietnamese, is a socio-political organization that represents and defends the legal and legitimate rights and interests of Women in Vietnam. Originally founded on October 20, 1930, there are currently over 13 million members belonging to 10,472 local women's unions in communes and towns throughout the country. The current president, for the 2017-2022 term, is President Hà Thị Nga and Vice Presidents Bùi Thị Hòa, Trần Thị Hương, Hoàng Thị Ái Nhiên, and Đỗ Thị Thu Thảo. There have been leadership changes throughout this term however. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hà was the president until April 2020 before Hà Thị Nga became the president in May 2020. Nguyễn Thị Tuyết was a Vice President until February 2020. Đỗ Thị Thu Thảo was not named Vice President until July 2018.

Socialism in Vietnam, in particular Marxism–Leninism, is the ideological foundation of the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) for the development of the country ever since its establishment.

The 2018 Vietnam protests, June 10 Events, or Protests against the Special Zone Act and the Cybersecurity Law, are a series of both violent and nonviolent protests that erupted across Vietnam in June 2018, chiefly in response to two drafted pieces of legislation: the Special Zone Act and the Cybersecurity Law.

References

  1. 1 2 Minh, Hoang Van; Giang, Kim Bao; Liem, Nguyen Thanh; Palmer, Michael; Thao, Nguyen Phuong; Duong, Le Bach (2015-02-02). "Estimating the extra cost of living with disability in Vietnam". Global Public Health. 10 (sup1): S70–S79. doi:10.1080/17441692.2014.971332. ISSN   1744-1692. PMID   25353274. S2CID   40099183.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bogenschutz, Matthew; Im, Hyojin; Liang, Annie (December 2016). "Ecological Model of a Good Life for People with Disabilities in Vietnam". Global Social Welfare. 3 (4): 243–254. doi:10.1007/s40609-016-0068-y. ISSN   2196-8799. S2CID   256403222.
  3. 1 2 "Inclusion of the Vietnamese with Disabilities". Vietnam Assistance for the Handicapped. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  4. ↑ Vietnam Assistance for the Handicapped (VNAH) (2010-06-22). "Vietnam Enacts First Disability Law". www.disabled-world.com. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  5. 1 2 3 Bogenschutz, Matthew; Im, Hyojin; Liang, Annie; Quyhn Luong, Lan Thi (2021-09-03). "Vietnam and Disability Rights: Perspectives at the Time of Ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". International Journal of Disability, Development and Education. 68 (5): 717–733. doi:10.1080/1034912X.2020.1716958. ISSN   1034-912X. S2CID   214094190.
  6. ↑ Park, So‐Youn; Glidden, Laraine M.; Shin, Jin Y. (January 2010). "Structural and Functional Aspects of Social Support for Mothers of Children with and without Cognitive Delays in Vietnam". Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. 23 (1): 38–51. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00550.x. ISSN   1360-2322.
  7. 1 2 "Launch of Key Findings of Viet Nam's first large-scale National Survey on People with Disabilities (2016)". www.unicef.org. Retrieved 2023-11-11.
  8. ↑ Thuy, Nguyen Thi Minh; Berry, Helen L. (December 2013). "Social capital and mental health among mothers in Vietnam who have children with disabilities". Global Health Action. 6 (1): 18886. doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.18886. ISSN   1654-9716. PMC   3570571 . PMID   23402280.
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