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Children's rights or the rights of children are a subset of human rights with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to minors. The 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) defines a child as "any human being below the age of eighteen years,unless under the law applicable to the child,majority is attained earlier." Children's rights includes their right to association with both parents,human identity as well as the basic needs for physical protection,food,universal state-paid education,health care,and criminal laws appropriate for the age and development of the child,equal protection of the child's civil rights,and freedom from discrimination on the basis of the child's race,gender,sexual orientation,gender identity,national origin,religion,disability,color,ethnicity,or other characteristics.
Child advocacy refers to a range of individuals,professionals and advocacy organizations who speak out on the best interests of children. An individual or organization engaging in advocacy typically seeks to protect children's rights which may be abridged or abused in a number of areas.
Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) is a national association in the United States that supports and promotes court-appointed advocates for abused or neglected children. CASA are volunteers from the community who complete training that has been provided by the state or local CASA office. They are appointed by a judge,and their role is to gather information and make recommendations in the best interest of the child,keeping the child's personal wishes in mind.
Robert ("Bob") Fellmeth is an American lawyer. He is a tenured Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law,holder of the Price Chair in Public Interest Law,and executive director of the Center for Public Interest Law and the Children's Advocacy Institute.
Child abuse is physical,sexual,emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child,especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home,or in organizations,schools,or communities the child interacts with.
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law is the law school of Northwestern University,a private research university. The law school is located on the university's Chicago campus. Northwestern Law is considered part of the T14,an unofficial designation in the legal community as the best 14 law schools in the United States.
Suellyn Scarnecchia is a clinical law professor at the University of Michigan. She previously served as the general counsel and vice president at the University of Michigan from 2008 to 2012. From 2003 to 2008 she was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Law,the first woman to fill that position.
Child protective services (CPS) is the name of an agency in many states of the United States responsible for providing child protection,which includes responding to reports of child abuse or neglect. Some states use other names,often attempting to reflect more family-centered practices,such as department of children and family services (DCFS). CPS is also sometimes known by the name of department of social services,though these terms more often have a broader meaning.
Michael Wishnie is a Clinical Professor of Law at Yale Law School.
Stephen Wizner is the William O. Douglas Clinical Professor of Law at Yale Law School. He also has a Special Appointment as the Sackler Professor of Law at Tel Aviv University.
Bet Tzedek is an American non-profit human and poverty rights organization based in Los Angeles,California.
Bridget Mary McCormack is an American lawyer,professor,and retired justice. She served on the Michigan Supreme Court from 2013 to 2022,first as an associate justice,and as chief justice from 2019 to 2022. Previously she was a professor at the University of Michigan Law School in Ann Arbor,where she taught criminal law and legal ethics and oversaw the law school's clinical programs as associate dean of clinical affairs. Her academic work focused on practical experience in legal education. McCormack launched and worked in a pediatric advocacy law clinic focusing on children with health problems,and a domestic violence clinic. She retired from the Supreme Court at the end of 2022 and became President and Chief Executive Officer of the American Arbitration Association in February 2023.
Gladys Carrión is an Adjunct Research Scholar with Columbia University's Justice Lab. She was the Commissioner of the New York City Administration for Children's Services (ACS) until 2017 and a nationally recognized advocate for improving child well-being.
Institutional abuse is the maltreatment of a person from a system of power. This can range from acts similar to home-based child abuse,such as neglect,physical and sexual abuse,and hunger,to the effects of assistance programs working below acceptable service standards,or relying on harsh or unfair ways to modify behavior. Institutional abuse occurs within emergency care facilities such as foster homes,group homes,kinship care homes,and pre-adoptive homes. Children who are placed in this type of out of home care are typically in the custody of the state. The maltreatment is usually caused by an employee of the facility.
The Legal Aid Justice Center is a Virginia based non-profit organization which provides legal services and advocacy to low income individuals. It was founded in 1967 when its Charlottesville office was opened. It has three other offices,in Falls Church,Petersburg,and Richmond.
Children's Healthcare Is a Legal Duty (CHILD) was from 1983 to 2017 an American nonprofit membership organization that worked to stop child abuse and neglect based on religious beliefs,cultural traditions,and quackery. CHILD opposed religious exemptions from child health and safety laws. These exemptions have been used as a defense in criminal cases when parents have withheld lifesaving medical care on religious grounds. These exemptions also have discouraged reporting and investigation of religion-based medical neglect of children and spawned many outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and deaths. CHILD publicized the ideological abuse and neglect of children,lobbied for equal protection laws for children,and filed lawsuits and amicus curiae briefs in related cases.
A children's ombudsman,children's commissioner,youth commissioner,child advocate,children's commission,youth ombudsman or equivalent body is a public authority in various countries charged with the protection and promotion of the rights of children and young people,either in society at large,or in specific categories such as children in contact with the care system. The agencies usually have a substantial degree of independence from the executive,the term is often used differently from the original meaning of ombudsman,it is often an umbrella term,often used as a translation convention or national human rights institutions,dealing with individual complaints,intervening with other public authorities,conducting research,and –where their mandate permits them to engage in advocacy –generally promoting children's rights in public policy,law and practice. The first children's commissioner was established in Norway in 1981. The creation of such institutions has been promoted by the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child,and,from 1990 onwards,by the Council of Europe.
In many parts of the world,mandated reporters are people who have regular contact with vulnerable people such as children,disabled persons,and senior citizens,and are therefore legally required to ensure a report is made when abuse is observed or suspected. Specific details vary across jurisdictions—the abuse that must be reported may include neglect,or financial,physical,sexual,or other types of abuse. Mandated reporters may include paid or unpaid people who have assumed full or intermittent responsibility for the care of a child,dependent adult,or elder.
Los Angeles Dependency Lawyers,Inc. (LADL) is a non-profit organization that represents parents in juvenile dependency proceedings in Los Angeles County. A dependency hearing is a court proceeding involving a child,typically in cases of parental abuse or neglect. The organization consists of five separate law firms and an executive office that is headed by Dennis Smeal.
Hendrika Bestebreurtje Cantwell is a German-born American retired physician,professor emerita of pediatrics at the University of Colorado Denver,advocate for abused and neglected children,and parenting educator. She was one of the first physicians in the United States to work for a child protection agency,serving with the Denver Department of Social Services from 1975 to 1989. Her work there brought her in contact with an estimated 30,000 cases of suspected child abuse and she testified as an expert witness in thousands of court cases. An author of peer-reviewed journal articles,book chapters,and teaching manuals on the detection and treatment of child abuse,she has also conducted workshops and training programs for professionals throughout Colorado. She was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame in 1990.
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Donald N. Duquette | University of Michigan Law School". michigan.law.umich.edu.
- 1 2 "NACAC Awards".
- ↑ Duquette, Donald N. (January 1, 1981). "The expert witness in child abuse and neglect: An interdisciplinary process". Child Abuse & Neglect. 5 (3): 325–334. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(81)90016-8. hdl: 2027.42/24553 – via ScienceDirect.
- ↑ "Representation of Children in Child Abuse and Neglect Cases: An Empirical Look at What Constitutes Effective Representation".
- ↑ ORLEBEKE, BRITANY; ZINN, ANDREW; DUQUETTE, DONALD N.; ZHOU, XIAOMENG (2015). "Characteristics of Attorneys Representing Children in Child Welfare Cases". Family Law Quarterly. 49 (3): 477–507. JSTOR 24576186 – via JSTOR.
- ↑ "Child Protection Legal Process: Comparing the United States and Great Britain".
- ↑ "Interdisciplinary education of lawyers and social workers as advocates for abused children and their families".
- 1 2 "Prof. founded Child Advocacy Law Clinic > Oakland County Legal News". legalnews.com.
- ↑ N., Duquette, Donald (May 3, 1997). "Developing a Child Advocacy Law Clinic: A Law School Clinical Legal Education Opportunity". University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform. 31 (1).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Child Advocacy Law Clinic | University of Michigan Law School". michigan.law.umich.edu.
- ↑ Rzepka, Marriane (June 1, 1988). "Two board incumbents won't seek reelection". Ann Arbor News.
- ↑ "Advocating for the Child in Protection Proceedings: A HandBook, Whole for Lawyers and Court Appointed Special Advocates | University of Michigan Law School". michigan.law.umich.edu.
- ↑ Duquette, Donald N. (May 3, 1999). "Guidelines for Public Policy and State Legislation Governing Permanence for Children". Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children's Bureau – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Child Welfare Specialist Certification".
- ↑ Child Welfare Law and Practice: Representing Children, Parents, and State Agencies in Abuse, Neglect, and Dependency Cases. Bradford Publishing Company. May 3, 2005. ISBN 9781932779141 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Home". www.improvechildrep.org.
- ↑ Duquette, Donald N. (May 3, 2016). Children's Justice: How to Improve Legal Representation of Children in the Child Welfare System. American Bar Association. ISBN 9781634257565 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Awards". NACC.
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