Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings

Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings
Date 6 May 1919 – December 1924 Location Kosovo, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes Result Initial Albanian Victory Occupation of most of Dukagjin Creation of the Neutral Zone of Junik Eventual Yugoslav Victory Albania under Ahmet Zogu invades territories held by Kosovar Albanian Kachaks in 1923 and cedes the Neutral Zone of Junik and Drenica to Yugoslavia. Death of Azem Galica Dissolution of the Kosovo Committee
Belligerents
Kosovo Albanians Committee of Kosovo	Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
Commanders and leaders
Hoxha Kadri Azem Galica   † Shote Galica Sadik Rama Elez Isufi Prenk Pervizi	Alexander I
Units involved
Kachaks	Royal Yugoslavian Army
Strength
At least 10,000	Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown
Approximately 12,000 Albanian civilians killed between 1918 and 1921

The Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings were a series of Albanian uprisings in the Kosovo regions of Drenica and Dukagjin from 1919 to 1924. The uprisings began after the end of the First World War when Kosovo remained part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (also known as Yugoslavia). Parts of the Albanian population which resisted Yugoslav rule formed the Kachak movement under the leadership of the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo and conducted guerilla attacks. A 1919 revolt in Drenica involving 10,000 people was quelled by the Yugoslav army, but uprisings continued in the following years.

In response to the rebellions, Yugoslav authorities retaliated by conducting operations against the rebels and the civilian population. During this period, many atrocities were reported against the Albanian population, which included massacres, destruction of villages and looting. It is estimated that approximately 12,000 Kosovo Albanians were killed from 1918 to 1921. By 1924, military confrontations between Albanians and Serbs ended as the Kachak movement was effectively suppressed.

Background

Main articles: Albanian National Awakening, Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars, Massacres of Albanians in World War I, Kachaks, and Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo

Before the creation of the Independent State of Albania, Kosovo had been a center of Albanian Nationalism. In 1878 the League of Prizren was formed, a political-military organization of Albanian leaders which tried to defend Albanian inhabited lands. It was also the center of the Albanian revolt of 1910 and 1912. Despite having a 70% majority Albanian population, it had a 30% Non-Albanian (mostly Serb) minority, ^[1] who wished to join the Kingdom of Serbia. While according to Noel Malcolm the Serb population had been under 25%. ^[2]

Many Albanians in Kosovo and Albania resisted being incorporated in the often changing Yugoslav regimes, knowing that the new Yugoslav forces were the same Serbo-Montengrin troops who had committed massacres of defenseless civilians. Albanians viewed peaceful co-existence as unattainable given the terror and violence they experienced. ^{[3] [4]}

After World War I, Serbia suffered greatly from Austro-Hungarian occupation and Kosovo saw clashes between Albanians and Serbs. In 1918, the Allies of World War I rewarded Serbia for its effort with the formation of a Serbian-centralized Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes which kept Kosovo as part of Serbia. The conditions for Kosovar Albanians deteriorated as Serbian authorities implemented assimilation tactics such as closing down Albanian language schools while encouraging Albanians to emigrate. The Kingdom promoted the settlement of Serb and Slav settlers to Kosovo, thus beginning the Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo. ^[3]

Parts of the Albanian population that resisted Serbian rule in Kosovo began military maneuvers and formed the Kachak movement. Under the political leadership of Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri, the movement based itself in Shkodër and was led by the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo organization formed on 1 May 1918. ^{[5] [6]} Among their demands were the re-opening of Albanian language schools, recognition of Albanian as a co-official language and autonomy, ^[5] with the goal of uniting Kosovo with Albania. ^[7]

Events

On 6 May 1919 the Committee called for a general uprising in Kosovo. This led to a large-scale revolt in Drenica involving around 10,000 people under Azem Galica which was quelled by the Yugoslav army. ^[8] Despite the revolt being crushed, its brutal oppression would start several other Uprisings throughout 1920-1921.

The Kachaks engaged in uprisings, targeting Serbian army and administrative formations but forbade its members from targeting unarmed Serbs and churches. ^{[5] [8]} The Serbian authorities regarded them as mere bandits and in response to their rebellion, retaliated by conducting operations against them as well as the civilian population. ^[5]

In November 1921 the League of Nations authorized the creation of the Neutral Zone of Junik, which included a couple of villages around Junik and the Highlands of Djakovica along the Kosovo border with Albania. ^[9] The zone would be used to supply the Kachaks and jeopardize the Yugoslavians. ^{[10] [ page needed ]} In late 1921 the Yugoslavian forces attempted to invade the Neutral Zone and Drenica but were pushed back by the Albanian forces under Azem Galica.

It was not until the arrival of Ahmet Zogu in Albania by Yugoslavia in 1924, the assassination of the leadership of the Kosovo Committee, and the Death of Azem Galica on the battlefield that the Neutral Zone and the rebellions would come to an end.

Aftermath

See also: Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo § Massacres of Albanians

According to Sabrina P. Ramet, approximately 12,000 Albanians were killed in Kosovo between 1918 and 1921. ^[11] Albanian sources state that 12,346 people were killed. ^{[12] [13]} More than 6,000 Albanians were killed by Yugoslav forces in January and February in 1919. ^[14] Around 2,000 'Albanian patriots' were killed in Kosovo between 1919 and 1924. This number rose to 3,000 between 1924 and 1927. ^[15]

Following the arrival of Zogu, the Committee of Kosovo, and other Albanian Nationalists, would be assassinated by Zogu's agents.^{[ citation needed ]} By 1924, military confrontations between Albanians and Serbs ended as the Kachak movement was effectively suppressed. ^[5] Following the revolts, the colonization of Kosovo would be intensified by the Yugoslav authorities and some 58,263 Serbian colonists would settle in Kosovo. In the Second World War, Kosovo was made part of Albania, and during the occupation of Kosovo, 70,000-100,000 Serbians were deported or forced to flee by the Albanian authorities. Albanian authorities also targeted Yugoslav colonists while simultaneously bringing 72,000 Albanian colonists to Kosovo from Albania. ^[16]

References

1. Cohen, Paul A. (2014). History and popular memory : the power of story in moments of crisis. New York. p. 8. ISBN   978-0-231-53729-2. OCLC   875095737.
2. Malcolm, Noel (26 February 2008). "Is Kosovo Serbia? We ask a historian". The Guardian. Kosovo remained Ottoman territory until it was conquered by Serbian forces in 1912. Serbs would say "liberated"; but even their own estimates put the Orthodox Serb population at less than 25%. The majority population was Albanian, and did not welcome Serb rule, so "conquered" seems the right word.
3. Geldenhuys, D. (22 April 2009). Contested States in World Politics. Springer. pp. 108–109. ISBN   978-0-230-23418-5 . Retrieved 19 August 2023. [...] of the state to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (meaning South Slavs) in 1929 brought no respite for the persecuted Albanians. The retribution to which they were subjected (including massacres) continued the now familiar cycle of grievous
4. Bytyçi, Enver (1 April 2015). Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 12. ISBN   978-1-4438-7668-1 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
5. Lenhard, Hamza (2022). Politics of Ethnic Accommodation: Decentralization, Local Governance, and Minorities in Kosovo. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 62. ISBN   9783643912251.
6. Kola, Paulin (2003). The Search for Greater Albania. London: Hurst & Co. p. 18. ISBN   1-85065-664-9.
7. Tasić, Dmitar (2020). Paramilitarism in the Balkans: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924. Oxford University Press. p. 161. ISBN   9780198858324.
8. Robert Elsie (November 15, 2010), Historical Dictionary of Kosovo, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, vol. 79 (2 ed.), Scarecrow Press, p. 64, ISBN   978-0810872318
9. "Kujtesa historike" (in Albanian).
10. The Truth on Kosova. Encyclopaedia Publishing House. 1993.
11. Ramet, Sabrina Petra (19 February 2018). Balkan Babel: The Disintegration Of Yugoslavia From The Death Of Tito To The Fall Of Milosevic, Fourth Edition (more than 12,000 Kosovar Albanians were killed by Serbian forces between 1918 and 1921, when pacification was more ... ed.). Routledge. ISBN   978-0-429-97503-5 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
12. Bieber, Florian; Daskalovski, Zidas (2 August 2004). Understanding the War in Kosovo. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN   978-1-135-76155-4 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
13. The Near East. 1921. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
14. Phillips, David L. (20 July 2012). Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention (Serbian troops cracked down, killing more than 6,000 Albanians ed.). MIT Press. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-262-30512-9 . Retrieved 19 August 2023.
15. RSH), Instituti i Historisë (Akademia e Shkencave e) (1993). The Truth on Kosova. Encyclopaedia Publishing House. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
16. Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN   0-253-34656-8. OCLC   61687845.