Duanmu

Duanmu (端木)
Pronunciation	Duānmù (Mandarin)
Language(s)	Chinese
Origin
Language(s)	Old Chinese
Other names
Variant(s)	Tuan-mu, Twanmoh

Last updated March 25, 2019

Duanmu is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese compound surname written 端木 in Chinese characters. It is romanized as Tuan-mu in Wade–Giles. Duanmu is listed 447th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames .^[1] It is not among the 300 most common surnames in modern China.^[2]

Standard Chinese, also known as Modern Standard Mandarin, Standard Mandarin, Modern Standard Mandarin Chinese (MSMC), or simply Mandarin, is a standard variety of Chinese that is the sole official language of China, the de facto official language of Taiwan and also one of the four official languages of Singapore. Its pronunciation is based on the Beijing dialect, its vocabulary on the Mandarin dialects, and its grammar is based on written vernacular Chinese.

Hanyu Pinyin, often abbreviated to pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China and to some extent in Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Mandarin Chinese, which is normally written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones. Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters.

A Chinese compound surname is a Chinese surname using more than one character. Many of these surnames derive from noble and official titles, professions, place names and other areas, to serve a purpose. Some are originally non-Han, while others were created by joining two one-character family names. Only a few of these names have survived in modern times with Ouyang (歐陽/欧阳) appearing most frequently. Many clans eventually took on a single-character surname for various reasons. Chinese surnames with more than two characters are not of Han origin, and are becoming exceedingly rare to find, but are still in use today.

Notable people

Duanmu Ci or Zigong (520–456 BC), disciple of Confucius, one of the Twelve Philosophers
Duanmu Shu (端木叔), Warring States period descendant of Duanmu Ci, known for his wealth and philanthropy
Duan Fuchu or Duanmu Fuchu (端復初; 1321–1373), Ming dynasty Minister of Justice
Duanmu Guohu (端木國瑚; 1773–1837), Qing dynasty official and scholar of the I Ching
Duanmu Jie (端木傑; 1897–1972), Republic of China general and Minister of Transportation
Joseph K. Twanmoh (端木愷 Duanmu Kai, 1903–1987), Republic of China politician, president of Soochow University (Taiwan)
Duanmu Hongliang (1912–1996), novelist
Lucy Duanmu (端木露西; 1912–1998), writer, wife of Chu Anping
Duanmu Zheng (端木正; 1920–2006), Vice President of the Supreme People's Court of the PRC, son of Duanmu Jie
Duanmu Mei (端木美), historian, daughter of Duanmu Zheng
Duanmu San (端木三), professor of linguistics, University of Michigan ^[3]

Duanmu Ci, also known by his courtesy name Zigong, was one of the most important and loyal disciples of Confucius. Among Confucius' students, he was the second best at speech, after only Zai Yu. He was a prominent diplomat of the Spring and Autumn period who served as a high official in several states, and was a very wealthy businessman.

The Twelve Philosophers or Wise Ones are 12 eminent philosophers in the Chinese Confucian tradition. They are traditionally accounted a kind of sainthood and their spirit tablets are prominently placed in Confucian temples, six upon the east and six upon the west side of the Hall of the Great Completion.

Warring States period Era in ancient Chinese history

The Warring States period was an era in ancient Chinese history characterized by warfare, as well as bureaucratic and military reforms and consolidation. It followed the Spring and Autumn period and concluded with the Qin wars of conquest that saw the annexation of all other contender states, which ultimately led to the Qin state's victory in 221 BC as the first unified Chinese empire, known as the Qin dynasty.

Related Research Articles

Chinese surnames are used by Han Chinese and Sinicized ethnic groups in Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and among overseas Chinese communities. In ancient times two types of surnames existed, namely xing or clan names, and shi or lineage names.

The Hundred Family Surnames is a classic Chinese text composed of common Chinese surnames. The book was composed in the early Song dynasty. It originally contained 411 surnames, and was later expanded to 504. Of these, 444 are single-character surnames, and 60 are double-character surnames. About 800 names have been derived from the original ones.

Gong is a surname which can be found throughout Eurasian continent. It is the English transcription of a number of different Chinese surnames: 江, 宫, 龔, 共, 公, 鞏, 功, 貢, and 弓. Gong may also be a Korean surname, but this Korean Gong may be the English transcription of another surname Kong (孔).

Mao is the romanization of several Chinese family names, including common names 毛 (Máo), 茅 (Māo) and some rare names 茆 (Máo), 卯 (Máo), 貌 (Mào) etc.

Jǐ is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 纪 in simplified Chinese and 紀 in traditional Chinese. It is romanized as Chi in Wade–Giles, and Kei in Cantonese. Ji is the 136th most common surname in China, with a population of 1.1 million. It is listed 122nd in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames.

Jí is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 汲 in Chinese character. It is romanized as Chi in Wade–Giles, and Kap in Cantonese. Ji is listed 213th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. It is not among the 300 most common surnames in China.

Jí is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 籍 in Chinese character. It is romanized as Chi in Wade–Giles, and Zik in Cantonese. Ji is listed 275th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. It is not among the 300 most common surnames in China.

Zhai is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 翟 in Chinese character. It is romanized Chai in Wade–Giles, and Chak in Cantonese. It is listed 292nd in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 120th most common surname in China, shared by 1.4 million people.

Zhuo is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 卓 in Chinese character. It is romanized Cho in Wade–Giles, Cheuk in Cantonese, and Toh in Teochew and Hokkien. Zhuo is listed 277th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 224th most common surname in China, shared by 360,000 people.

Pi is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 皮 in Chinese character. It is romanized P'i in Wade–Giles, and Pei in Cantonese. Pi is listed 85th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. It is not among the 300 most common surnames in China.

Ping is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 平 in Chinese character. It is romanized P'ing in Wade–Giles. Ping is listed 95th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. It is not among the 300 most common surnames in China.

Zang is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 臧 in Chinese character. It is romanized Tsang in Wade–Giles. It is listed 112th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 241st most common surname in China, shared by 310,000 people.

Ai is the Mandarin pinyin and Wade–Giles romanization of the Chinese surname written 艾 in Chinese character. It is listed 334th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 215th most common surname in China, shared by 400,000 people.

Ru is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 茹 in Chinese character. It is romanized Ju in Wade–Giles, and Yu in Cantonese. Ru is listed 331st in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. It is not among the 300 most common surnames in China.

Zha is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 查 in Chinese character. It is romanized as Cha in Wade–Giles. Zha is listed 397th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 176th most common surname in China, shared by 680,000 people.

Sha is the Mandarin pinyin and Wade–Giles romanization of the Chinese surname written 沙 in Chinese character. It is listed 387th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 216th most common surname in China, shared by 400,000 people.

Sheng is the Mandarin pinyin and Wade–Giles romanization of the Chinese surname written 盛 in Chinese character. It is romanized as Shing in Cantonese. Sheng is listed 146th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 175th most common surname in China, shared by 700,000 people.

Min is the Mandarin pinyin and Wade–Giles romanization of the Chinese surname written 闵 in simplified Chinese and 閔 in traditional Chinese. It is romanized Man in Cantonese. Min is listed 132nd in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 193rd most common surname in China, shared by 520,000 people.

Luan is the Mandarin pinyin and Wade–Giles romanization of the Chinese surname written 栾 in simplified Chinese and 欒 in traditional Chinese. Luan is listed 243rd in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 226th most common surname in China, shared by 360,000 people.

Diao is the Mandarin pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname written 刁 in Chinese character. It is romanized as Tiao in Wade–Giles. Diao is listed 148th in the Song dynasty classic text Hundred Family Surnames. As of 2008, it is the 245th most common surname in China, shared by 300,000 people.

References

↑ "百家姓" [Hundred Family Surnames] (in Chinese). Guoxue. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
↑ 中国最新300大姓排名（2008） [300 most common surnames in China (2008)] (in Chinese). Taiwan.cn. 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
↑ Duanmu, San. "Duanmu's home page". University of Michigan. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

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[1] "百家姓" [Hundred Family Surnames] (in Chinese). Guoxue. Retrieved 2014-11-03.

[top300-2] 中国最新300大姓排名（2008） [300 most common surnames in China (2008)] (in Chinese). Taiwan.cn. 2009-01-06. Retrieved 2014-11-03.

[3] Duanmu, San. "Duanmu's home page". University of Michigan. Retrieved 17 January 2019.