Dumanlı | |
|---|---|
  Dumanlı Location in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 40°40′49″N39°47′3″E / 40.68028°N 39.78417°E | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Gümüşhane |
| District | Gümüşhane |
| Population (2022) | 80 |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Dumanlı, also known as Sanda (Greek : Σάντα), is a village in Gümüşhane District, Gümüşhane Province in Turkey, [1] close to its border with Trabzon Province. Its population is 80 (2022). [2]
Established in the 17th century [3] by Pontic Greeks who fled the coast of Pontus in order to escape the oppression of the Derebeys. [4] It was originally named Santa (Σάντα) and was an important caravan and mining village, with 13 neighborhoods and more than 5,000 citizens. [5]
Before 1856, the inhabitants of Santa were recorded as Christian (51%) and Crypto-Christian (49%). [6] After 1856, with the Ottoman Reform Edict of 1856 that equalized all citizens regardless of religion (removing the "first citizen" status of the Muslims), they changed their status to Christian instead of Crypto-Christians, as pretending to be Muslim was no longer necessary to receive equal rights.
During the Greek genocide, the population tried to organize armed resistance against the Turkish army. Pontian guerrilla bands appeared in the mountains of Santa as early as 1916 with the leadership Euklidis Kourtidis and successfully resisted a Turkish attack on September 6, 1921.
Later during the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, Santa's citizens refused to accept the exchange and fought against being deported, but in the end, they were deported to Greece. [4] After the exchange, the village was completely vacated and renamed and the lands and properties were registered in the Turkish treasury. [5] The village's population settled in Greek Macedonia and Thrace. The town of Nea Santa was founded by them in the Kilkis regional unit in Central Macedonia.
Today it is a sparsely populated district in the far north of Gümüşhane province, consisting of seven villages: [7]
The Santa ruins were declared a Cultural-Archaeological Site and Natural Site in 1999. [3] But as of 2022, only seven of the 13 villages with historical settlements have the conservation status. [5]
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Pontic Greek is a variety of Modern Greek indigenous to the Pontus region on the southern shores of the Black Sea, northeastern Anatolia, and the Eastern Turkish and Caucasus region. An endangered Greek language variety, Pontic Greek is spoken by about 778,000 people worldwide, who are known as Pontic or Pontian Greeks.
The Pontic Greeks, also Pontian Greeks or simply Pontians, are an ethnically Greek group indigenous to the region of Pontus, in northeastern Anatolia. They share a common Pontic Greek culture that is distinguished by its music, dances, cuisine, and clothing. Folk dances, such as the Serra, and traditional musical instruments, like the Pontic lyra, remain important to Pontian diaspora communities. Pontians traditionally speak Pontic Greek, a modern Greek variety, that has developed remotely in the region of Pontus. Commonly known as Pontiaka, it is traditionally called Romeika by its native speakers.
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The Caucasus Greeks, also known as the Greeks of Transcaucasia and Russian Asia Minor, are the ethnic Greeks of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia in what is now southwestern Russia, Georgia, and northeastern Turkey. These specifically include the Pontic Greeks, though they today span a much wider region including the Russian north Caucasus, and the former Russian Caucasus provinces of the Batum Oblast' and the Kars Oblast', now in north-eastern Turkey and Adjara in Georgia.
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Pontic Greek culture includes the traditional music, dance, architecture, clothing, artwork, and religious practices of the Pontic Greeks, also called Pontian Greeks. Pontians are an ethnic group indigenous to the Pontos in modern-day Turkey. They have lived in the area for thousands of years, since the 8th century BCE. The majority were displaced in the early 20th century CE after the Greek genocide and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey; most Pontians today live in the diaspora. Small pockets of Muslim Pontian communities remain in Turkey. Although Pontians speak many different languages, the Pontic Greek language, Romeika, is especially important to their culture. Most religious Pontian Greeks practice Greek Orthodoxy, but a minority adhere to Sunni Islam or other Christian denominations. Folk dances such as the serra, traditional music instruments such as the Pontic lyra, religious celebrations, traditional clothing, and the land itself remain important to Pontian diaspora communities.
