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This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Timor-Leste |
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Constitution |
Legislature |
Judiciary
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Parliamentary elections were held in East Timor on 7 July 2012. [1] The United Nations stated that it would withdraw its 1,300 troops if the elections passed off peacefully. [2] [3] The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction, led by Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, won the election with 30 seats, three seats short of a majority in National Parliament. [4]
East Timor or Timor-Leste, officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is a country in Maritime Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island surrounded by Indonesian West Timor. Australia is the country's southern neighbour, separated by the Timor Sea. The country's size is about 15,410 km2.
The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international co-operation and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, and is subject to extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development and upholding international law. The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. In 24 October 1945, at the end of World War II, the organization was established with the aim of preventing future wars. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The UN is the successor of the ineffective League of Nations.
The National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction is a political party in East Timor founded by former President Xanana Gusmão in March 2007 in preparation for the 2007 parliamentary election.
All 65 members of the National Parliament were elected from a single nationwide constituency by party-list proportional representation voting. A party had to cross the electoral threshold of 3% to enter parliament and seats were distributed according to the d'Hondt method. Parties were required to submit lists with 65 candidates and at least 25 replacements. According to the electoral law, every fourth member on a party's list has to be a woman. [1]
Party-list proportional representation systems are a family of voting systems emphasizing proportional representation (PR) in elections in which multiple candidates are elected through allocations to an electoral list. They can also be used as part of mixed additional member systems.
The D'Hondt method or the Jefferson method is a highest averages method for allocating seats, and is thus a type of party-list proportional representation. The method described is named in the United States after Thomas Jefferson, who introduced the method for proportional allocation of seats in the United States House of Representatives in 1791, and in Europe after Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt, who described it in 1878 for proportional allocation of parliamentary seats to the parties. There are two forms: closed list and an open list.
In total, 21 political parties registered for the election. The campaign was focused on economic issues, particularly the country's $10.5 billion oil fund. Alongside the two main parties, CNRT and FRETILIN, a further 19 parties and lists registered for the elections. [5]
The election campaign was focussed on economic issues, particularly the question of what should be done with the country's oil fund, worth $10.5 billion. [2] The CNRT campaign pledged to increase the amount of money the fund contributed to the state budget beyond the existing 3% limit and to attract foreign loans for infrastructure improvement projects, [6] promising long-term investment in roads and electricity and water supplies. FRETILIN opposed CNRT's policies on foreign loans and changes to the oil fund spending, but ran a campaign focused on raising levels of income and education. [3] FRETILIN general secretary Mari Alkatiri promised to reduce corruption if elected. [2]
Mari bin Amude Alkatiri, GCIH is a Timorese politician. He was Prime Minister of East Timor from May 2002 until his resignation on 26 June 2006 following weeks of political unrest in the country, and again from September 2017 until May 2018. He is the Secretary-General of the Fretilin party, as well as President of the Special Administrative Region of Oecusse.
Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
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National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction | 172,831 | 36.66 | 30 | +12 |
FRETILIN | 140,786 | 29.87 | 25 | +4 |
Democratic Party | 48.851 | 10.31 | 8 | 0 |
Frenti-Mudança | 14,648 | 3.11 | 2 | New |
Kmanek Haburas Unidade Nasional Timor Oan | 13,998 | 2.97 | 0 | New |
Socialist Party of Timor | 11,379 | 2.41 | 0 | 0 |
Social Democratic Party | 10,158 | 2.15 | 0 | – |
National Development Party | 9,386 | 1.99 | 0 | New |
Timorese Social Democratic Association | 8,487 | 1.80 | 0 | – |
National Unity of Timorese Resistance | 7,041 | 1.49 | 0 | –2 |
Timorese Democratic Union | 5,332 | 1.13 | 0 | 0 |
Republican Party | 4,270 | 0.91 | 0 | 0 |
PLPA/PDRT coalition | 4,012 | 0.85 | 0 | 0 |
Timorese People's Monarchy Association | 3,968 | 0.84 | 0 | New |
National Unity Party | 3,191 | 0.68 | 0 | –3 |
Coligação Bloco Proclamador (PMD–PARENTIL) | 3,125 | 0.66 | 0 | 0 |
Democratic Alliance (Kota/Trabalhista) | 2,622 | 0.56 | 0 | –2 |
Timorese Democratic Party | 2,561 | 0.54 | 0 | 0 |
Liberal Democratic Party | 2,222 | 0.47 | 0 | New |
People's Development Party | 1,904 | 0.40 | 0 | New |
Christian Democratic Party | 887 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 |
Invalid/blank votes | 11,403 | – | – | – |
Total | 482,792 | 100 | 65 | 0 |
Registered voters/turnout | 645,624 | 74.78 | – | – |
Source: STAE, SAPO |
Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, GColIH, GCL, GCMG is an East Timorese politician. A former militant, he was the first President of East Timor, serving from May 2002 to May 2007. He then became the fourth Prime Minister of East Timor, serving from 8 August 2007 to 16 February 2015. He has been Minister of Planning and Strategic Investment since February 2015.
The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor is a leftist political party in East Timor. They presently hold 23 of 65 seats in the National Parliament and serve in the opposition. Fretilin formed the government in East Timor from independence until 2007. The party began as a resistance movement that fought for the independence of East Timor, first from Portugal and then from Indonesia, between 1974 and 1998. After East Timor gained its independence from Indonesia, Fretilin became one of several parties competing for power in a multi-party system.
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The Prime Minister of Timor-Leste is the head of government in East Timor. The President is the head of state. The President of East Timor appoints the Prime Minister, after parliamentary elections and have listened to all parties represented in the National Assembly, who is usually the leader of the large party or coalition. The Prime Minister oversees the activities of the government and chairs the Council of Ministers.
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Francisco Guterres, popularly known as Lú-Olo, is an East Timorese politician who has been President of East Timor since 2017. He is also the President of Fretilin, and he was President of the National Parliament of East Timor from 2002 to 2007. As the Fretilin candidate, he stood in the 2007 presidential election and 2012 presidential election, but was defeated in the second round by independent candidates on both occasions. He also contested the 2017 presidential election, and with the support of former Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão and his party, National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction (CNRT), he was elected as President.
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