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A caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms shortly after the emptying of a magma chamber in a volcano eruption. When large volumes of magma are erupted over a short time, structural support for the rock above the magma chamber is gone. The ground surface then collapses into the emptied or partially emptied magma chamber, leaving a large depression at the surface. Although sometimes described as a crater, the feature is actually a type of sinkhole, as it is formed through subsidence and collapse rather than an explosion or impact. Compared to the thousands of volcanic eruptions that occur each century, the formation of a caldera is a rare event, occurring only a few times per century. Only seven caldera-forming collapses are known to have occurred between 1911 and 2016. More recently, a caldera collapse occurred at Kīlauea, Hawaii in 2018.
Otto Wilhelm Hermann von Abich was a German mineralogist and geologist. Full member of St Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
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Christian Leopold von Buch, usually cited as Leopold von Buch, was a German geologist and paleontologist born in Stolpe an der Oder and is remembered as one of the most important contributors to geology in the first half of the nineteenth century. His scientific interest was devoted to a broad spectrum of geological topics: volcanism, petrology, fossils, stratigraphy and mountain formation. His most remembered accomplishment is the scientific definition of the Jurassic system.
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References
- 1 2 Şengör (1982), p. 4
- 1 2 3 Şengör (1982), p. 5
- 1 2 Seibold, Ilse; Seibold, Eugen (2006). "Hermann Wilhelm Abich im Kaukasus: Zum zweihundertsten Geburtstag". International Journal of Earth Sciences (in German). 95 (6): 1087–1100. doi:10.1007/s00531-006-0100-z. S2CID 129731016.
- ↑ Milanovsky, E.E. (2007). "Hermann Abich (1806 –1886): 'the Father of Caucasian Geology and his travels in the Caucasus and Armenian Highlands". In Jackson, Patrick N. Wyse (ed.). Four Centuries of Geological Travel: The Search for Knowledge on Foot, Bicycle, Sledge and Camel. Geological Society Special Publication. pp. 177–181.
- ↑ Şengör (1982), p. 6
